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The slow progress of researches on pulmonary stem cells up to date has its root in the complex structure of pulmonary tissues and respiratory tracts, which is demonstrated by the facts that the respiratory system is composed of at least 40 types of cells, plus that the growth, renewal, and regeneration rate or capacity of respiratory epithelium are extremely limited. Mean while, there have been no specific stem cell markers for pulmonary and lung cancer, so researchers rely on stem cell markers borrowed from other systems to search for stem cells in pulmonary system.

目前对于肺干细胞的研究进展缓慢，究其原因主要是肺组织和气道具有复杂的内在结构，呼吸系统至少包含40种不同类型的细胞，呼吸上皮本身只有极低的生长更新率和非常有限的再生能力，同时肺干细胞的表面标志物也缺乏特异性，只能借助其他组织已知的干细胞标记物进行对比观察。

One hundred and eighty three pairs of SSR markers were selected to construct a genetic linkage map, covering 1 762.2 cM and on the average distance of 9.63 cM between the markers.

在两种环境条件下种植以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建的259个F2：3家系群体，采用SSR标记构建了包含183个标记的玉米遗传连锁图谱，覆盖玉米基因组1 762.2 cM，标记间平均距离为9.6 cM。

A linkage map was constructed using 151 polymorphismic markers.The map spans1841.9 cM covering 12 rice chromosomes with an average interval of 12.1 cM,which wellintegrated the markers from the high density linkage maps of rice.

以151个多型性标记位点构建了12条染色体的遗传连锁图谱，该图谱以标记间平均间距为12.1cM覆盖了水稻基因组的1841.9cM，该图谱较好地整合了目前已发表的水稻遗传图谱上的分子标记。

2ASSR linkage map was constructed using 105 polymorphismic markers.Some newSSR markers were mapped in this SSR map.The map spans 2100.8cM covering most wheatchromosomes with an average interval of 22.6cM.

以105个SSR多态性标记构建了六倍体小麦的遗传连锁图谱，该图谱以标记间平均间距22.6cM覆盖了小麦基因组2100.8cM的长度。

The diagnosable rate of the genetic markers and their combinations have been calculated according to the polymorphism distribution data of the seven genetic markers in Chinese population.

又据各遗传标记及其组合的可诊断率，我们可以对：(1)所作出产前诊断的可诊断率进行预先评价；(2)选择适合于中国人群β地中海贫血产前诊断的最佳策略。

Although overexpression of Hspa5 does not cause detectable defects, its knockdown by injecting Hspa5 morpholino antisense oligonucleotides results in slower epiboly during gastrulation and dorsalized phenotypes at 24 hpf, including smaller and curled tail and absence of caudal ventral fin. When Hspa5 expresison in embryos is knockdown, the expression of the dorsal markers gsc and ntl is enhanced while the expression of ventral markers is reduced.

尽管在胚胎中过量表达Hspa5对胚胎发育没有明显影响，但是利用反义吗啉环寡核苷酸抑制胚胎中Hspa5的表达会导致胚胎外包变得缓慢，24hpf出现尾部变细或卷曲、缺少腹鳍等背部化的表型，同时gsc和ntl等背部标记基因的表达增强，但eve1等腹部标记基因的表达减弱。

The DNA fingerprints of 4 biotypes of GM population from 7 locations were analyses by AFLP.Base on the fine mapping of resistance gene Gm6 against all 4 Chinese GM biotypes by RAPD and SSR methods respectively,the STS markers and SSR markers linked to gene Gm6 were used for breeding through marker assisted selection.Some new resistant germplasm with Gm6 gene were created.And 6 cultivars and 6 lines of two-line hybrid rice and 1 line of three-line hybrid rice against GM were bred and extended to the farmer.The technique system of MAS for resistant varieties against Asian rice gall midge was set up at Guangdong province of China.

用AFLP方法对从中国广东省7个地点采集的4个生物型的DAN指纹进行分析；在对用RAPD和SSR技术分别对抗中国4个稻瘿蚊生物型的基因Gm6精细定位基础上，用与Gm6紧密连锁的STS和SSR标记开展分子标记辅助育种，创造了一批抗稻瘿蚊的新种质，包括育成了6个栽培稻和6个二系杂交稻和1个三系杂交稻并在农户试种，在中国广东成功地建立了分子标记辅助选育抗稻瘿蚊品种的技术体系。

In this reiew article, BIDMC geriatrician Edward Marcantonio, MD, examines a number of promising biomarkers for delirium, including serum chemistries, genetic markers, serum anticholinergic actiity, neurotransmitters, inflammatory markers and cortisol.

在这篇综述中，BIDMC老年病学家医学博士Edward Marcantonio总结了一些富有应用前景的谵妄的生物学标记，他们包括血清化学成分、遗传标记、血清抗胆碱能活性、神经递质、炎性标记物和氢化考的松。

The genetic distances to resistant gene are 9.6 cM and 10.4 cM, respectively. The resistance to sorghum head smut physiological race 3 may be controlled by two mutual independent nonallelic genes, and there is interaction between them. It is found that molecular markers are easier to find in B population than R population during the screening of SSR markers. It may show the different resistance mechanism between restorer line and maintainer line.

高粱对丝黑穗病菌3号生理小种的抗性可能受2对彼此独立的非等位基因控制，并且基因之间存在着互作；筛选SSR标记时发现，高粱抗丝黑穗病基因的分子标记较易在保持系群体中找到，在恢复系群体中DNA片段多态性较少，表明恢复系和保持系在抗性机制上可能存在差异。

Morphological markers are the traditional markers that have been extensively used for a long time for their facility and identifiability.

形态学标记具有易于识别和掌握、简单直观等优点，在遗传研究和品种选育上有重要的应用价值。

Chrysanthemum of 10 thousand birthday is lax to edaphic requirement, with the arenaceous qualitative loam with fecund, good drainage had better.

万寿菊对土壤要求不严，以肥沃。排水良好的砂质壤土为好。

He unstepped the mast and furled the sail and tied it.

他拔下桅杆，把帆卷起，系住。