方言的

Based on dialect theories from "the general linguistics course" by Saussure, the "language" by Bloomfield and the "language" by Sapir, we make an comparative study from six aspects: difference between dialect and language; partition of dialect; divergence of language; spread of dialect; complexity of the dialect; dialect, geography.

文章就索绪尔《普通语言学教程》、布龙菲尔德《语言论》、萨丕尔《语言论》三部语言学名著中的方言理论从六个方面进行了比较研究：方言与语言的区别；方言的分区问题；语言差异问题；方言的传播；方言的复杂性；方言地理学问题。

On the fruits of this sort of research, this dissertation put emphasis on comprehensive comparison of the tones. We probe the types distribution, similarities and differences of the tones and sandhi tones from the angle of dialect geography. We talk about the exact pronunciation of the tones and sandhi tones by providing the linguistic maps.

从方言地理学的角度全面考察山东方言单字调、连读调的类型分布与内部异同；配合方言地图详细比较说明山东各地方言单字调、连读调的具体读音情况；通过详细比较分析山东各地方言单字调、连读调、以及某些过渡型方言的声调状况来探讨古今声调的演变等等，都是前人所没有作过的。

Lup dialeck ,as the most character's dialect has a special position in the dialectology of Uyghur,and so it brings about tense interest among the scholars at home and aboard ,and then a host of relevant works have been published.

罗布方言作为维吾尔语三大方言之一，在维吾尔语方言学中占有特殊的地位，罗布方言研究也就引起了国内外学者的浓厚兴趣，并有很多专门研究罗布方言的论著出版。

Lup dialeck ,as the most characters dialect has a special position in the dialectology of Uyghur,and so it brings about tense interest among the scholars at home and aboard ,and then a host of relevant works have been published.

罗布方言作为维吾尔语三大方言之一，在维吾尔语方言学中占有特殊的地位，罗布方言研究也就引起了国内外学者的浓厚兴趣，并有很多专门研究罗布方言的论著出版。

This paper mainly adopts the study methods of traditional dialectology. Based on the fieldwork, the paper describes the phonetic system of Chengkan dialect in detail.

本文主要采用传统方言学的研究方法，在两次田野调查的基础上，对呈坎方言的语音系统进行了较为全面、细致的描写，整理出了呈坎方言音系、同音字汇、儿化韵表、词汇表、语法例句及呈坎方言与中古语音声韵调对照表，总结了该方言的音韵特点，归纳了儿化和文白异读的规律，初步讨论了古全浊声母的今读和韵母的特点两个专题。

Her research has attempted to transcend the many theoretically solid linguistic descriptions now available for individual Chinese dialects by going one step further in taking a macroscopic or bird's-eye view of Sinitic languages to analyse their shared and distinct features, in terms of major syntactic construction types.

1990年以来，曹茜蕾教授同其他研究者一起致力于开拓汉语类型学和汉语方言语法对比描写，旨在探索汉语方言的多样性。她的研究一直努力超越现有诸多对汉语个体方言的描述，而是更进一步，以主要句法结构分析为基础，采用一种宏观的鸟瞰视角来分析汉语方言的共性和个性特点。

Second, From the internal comparison of linzhang dialect,I find that the difference from east to west is smaller and the difference is larger from south to north ,particularly the southern Zhanghe is affected by vicinity dialects, the tail is abundant and the suffixation of the northen Zhanghe is increasing under the influence of the Standard Chinese. The exterior comparison includes the comparison of the linzhang dialect vocabulary to that of the vicinity and that of the Standard Chinese. The comparison with the vicinity dialects reveals the ralationship of the Linzhang dialects with the vicinity dialects and inquire into its reason. Third, Through the comparison between the dialect and the Standard Chinese from the aspects of sallable, morpheme,affixation, I reveal the vocabulary-made characteristics of the Linzhang dialect---- to have abundant affix. Last, we divide the vocabulary in the Linzhang dialect into the Ancient Chinese words,the Medieval Chinese words,the Modern Chinese words,the Modern Chinese words by the historical view.

漳河北受普通话影响比较大，儿化现象比较突出；外部比较主要通过临漳与周围县，如安阳、魏县、磁县、成安县等，方言词汇的比较以及与普通话词汇的比较，揭示了临漳方言与周围县方言的亲疏关系，并探讨了其原因； 3、临漳方言词汇的构词特点，主要从构词的角度，从音节、语素、附加式构成几个方面与普通话进行了比较，突出了临漳方言词汇词缀构词的特点； 4、临漳方言词汇的历史层次是从汉语史的角度对词汇进行的分类研究，从词汇产生的时代划分出上古汉语词汇、中古汉语词汇、近代汉语词汇以及现代汉语词汇。

The dissertation discusses those special functions and combinations of reduplicated words and their related syntactic phenomena in this dialect.

本论文注意把昆明方言与其他汉语方言的同类现象进行比较，挖掘不同方言共时平面所映射出的历时变化阶段及相同语言成分在不同方言中的不同时空体现。

The first chapter describes the phonetic system, and arranges the words in the same syllable, at the same time introduces some characteristic vocabularies(mostly the single-syllable vocabularies)as far as possible, then analizes the phonetic changes in initials, finials and tones; the second chapter divides the often-used words into three parts by investigations, then analizes the cause of the change; the third chapter makes a complement to the grammar which other researchers haven"t spoken of; in the end, the paper talks about the author" elementary idea on the relationship between dialect"s research and Putonghua"s use. With the development of our society, this question will be put on more eyes.

论文首先介绍徐州市区方言的语音部分，描写了音系及其特点，在同音字汇部分整理并排列了徐州方言的同音字，同时也尽量搜罗有特色的方言词列入相应的音节内，然后从声母、韵母、声调三个方面分析徐州市区方言的语音变化；其次是词汇部分，通过调查对徐州市区方言常用词的变化情况作了区分，并分析其变化原因；接着在语法部分对前人尚未涉及的语法现象作了补充；最后结合方言研究与普通话使用的关系谈了自己初步的认识，随着社会的不断发展，这个问题将日益引起人们的重视。

The Shangluo dialects are very complicated because of immigration. The local dialects belong to the north dialects, while the guest dialects belong to the south dialects. The local dialects develop faster than the guest dialects, the latter are relatively conventional. In fact their differences of phonetics structure at synchronic planes just reflect each phase of Chinese dialects at historical planes. The third chapter studies the phonological structure and historical changes from intiai consonant simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable and tone on the base of the synchronic planes, consulting QieYun and ZhongYuan phonology.

商洛方言由于移民原因具有复综性的特点，本地话属北方方言，客户话属南方语系，相比之下本地话发展较快与北方官话基本一致，而客户话就显得保守一些存古的东西更多，共时平面的差异实际上反映了汉语方言历时层面的不同阶段，第三章基于商洛方言共时平面的特点，参照《切韵》和《中原音韵》，从声母、韵母、声调三个方面研究了商洛方言的音韵结构和历史演变，并对汉语史的某些语音现象做了相应地解释。

On closer examination, though, this is not a vote for multilateralism but just the opposite.

仔细审视后我们发现，这并非是对多边主义投出的赞成票，而是恰好相反。

Uncovering their weak spots, so I can defeat them.

揭露出他们的弱点，这样我就可以打败他们了。