效应基因

The interactions between the alleles controlling the crossability of wheat with rye may exist.

小麦可杂交性基因间存在互作，表现为纯合隐性等位基因对其它显性等位基因的抑制作用，而纯合隐性等位基因间的效应具有可加性。

However, We think that heterosis is caused by the complex effects of dominance, over-dominance and epistasis.

作者认为，杂种优势的产生是显性效应，超显性效应和上位性效应共同作用的结果，不可能只是一种基因效应在起作用。

The results as follow:(1) The resistance,which had a great inheritability,was controlled by both additive heredity and non-additive heredity,but the former was more important than the later.(2) Restorer's GCA was more important than CMS line's,but the later had significant effect on the resistance of its crosses.(3) K42A、K40A,Duohui No.1 and Chenghui 149 had better GCA of resistance to leaf blast than the other tested parents.

结果表明，杂交水稻苗瘟抗性遗传力高，受加性和非加性基因效应共同控制，但以加性效应为主；恢复系的苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应明显相对重要于不育系，不育系苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应对Fi代的抗性有显著的影响；14个供试亲本中，多恢1号、成恢149、H42A、K40A具有较好的苗瘟抗性一般配合力效应。

Variant B or a very closely linked gene of β-casein,κ-casein,β-lactoglobulin affected percentages of milk protein and milk fat,respectively.

CN位点B基因或连锁基因显著影响乳蛋白率、乳脂率；κ-CN位点和β-Lg位点的B基因或连锁基因分别对乳蛋白率、乳脂率有显著效应。

The gene substitution model analysis showed thatsubstitution of B for C allele at αs1-Casein locus had a significant(p＜0.05)effect on305-day milk yield,but not for milk fat percent;substitution of A1at β-Casein locus had ainfluence on 305-day milk yield,fat and protein percent;substitution of A at κ-Casein andβ-Lactoglobulin loci had no significant effect on all production performance.

基因替代模型的分析表明，αs1-CN位点B基因对C的替代显著影响305天产奶量，对乳脂率无显著影响，β-CN A1基因的替代对305天产奶量乳脂率和乳蛋率均有显著影响作用，κ-CN和β-LG位点A基因的替代对生产性能均无显著效应。

The results indicated that:（1） The volume weight, isoleuclne, arginine and glycine are mainly influenced by the additive genetic effect; and protein, lysine, methionine and aspartate by both additive and non-additive effect; while starch, oil and other 10 amino acids by nonadditive effect.

结果表明：（1）玉米籽粒容重、异亮氨酸、精氨酸和甘氨酸主要受加性基因效应影响；粗蛋白、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和天冬氨酸受加性效应和非加性效应同等影响；粗淀粉、粗脂肪和其余10种氨基酸成份主要受非加性效应影响。

But the former study was only the identification analysis of the existing of the major gene and polygene, the identification of genetic model and the analysis of genetic effect in major gene and polygene mixed inheritance model of quantitative trait from different animal-plant.

但以往的研究只是对不同动植物主基因-多基因混合遗传的数量性状的主基因和多基因存在的鉴别分析，以及遗传模型识别和各种遗传效应的分析。

At present this procedure can be used to evaluate the genetic effects of individual major genes (up to 2-3 major genes) and the collective genetic effects of polygenes as well as their heritability values.

目前该方法可以检验2～3个主基因的个别遗传效应、多基因整体的遗传效应和两者的遗传率。

ABSTRACT It is because that the excellent acceptors for maize transgenic engineering are insufficient in our country, especially in the southwest mountain areas of china and hereditary variation regularity for the two characters such as efficiency of embryonic callus induction and number of regenerating plant (these two characters were abbreviated to the nduction efficiency and number of regenerating in the following of the paper, respectively), which hint the maize culturing capacity, is not very clear. Therefore, aiming at picking out superior acceptors, we had made systematic researches on the two characters with combing traditional quantitative-character genetic analyzing methods such as single-factor genetic mating design, diallel crossing genetic design, genetic effect analyzing method and the modern molecular locating method such as QTLs'. The main results are followed.(1) 50 superior inbred lines and about 30 crosses in our country, especially in the southwest of China were used for identifying and selecting the superior genotypes in the above two investigated characters under the same culturing condition in 2000 and 2001. There was very significant difference among the genotypes in the both characters. But the two characters were not certainly related. Some genotypes such as 18-599 and 18-599 were very good in them. For some ones such as zong 31, induction was higher than 18-599 and 18-599 in the efficiency, but it was only 1/3 to the later in regenerating number. In some genotypes such as S37, R08, R15, P138, A318, induction efficiency was just about 3% and scarcely any regenerating plants were got. On the whole, hybrids acted better than inbreeds in the both characters.(2) Two kind of inbreeds were selected as parents of the Griffing's method 1. 18-599 and 18-599 and the inbred line zong 31 are one kind because they are not only superior in the characters of maize cross breeding, such as CA, resistance to disease and the important agricultural characters, but also excellent in transformation characters as the induction and regeneration.

针对我国、特别是西南山地所需玉米转基因工程育种优良受体极为匮乏和反应玉米幼胚培养能力的2个主要性状，即玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数的遗传变异规律十分不清楚的实际情况，本研究从筛选玉米转基因工程所需要的优良受体入手，采用单因素遗传交配设计、双列杂交遗传交配设计、世代基因效应等传统数量性状分析方法，以及现代分子标记定位主效QTL分析方法，对玉米幼胚胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状进行了较为系统的分析研究，取得以下主要研究结果：(1)于2000年和2001年通过对我国、特别是西南地区近50份优良自交系和近30个杂交组合，在相同培养条件下，对幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个幼胚培养能力性状进行了筛选与鉴定，发现玉米不同基因型具有完全不同的幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数，但幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率与胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数并不具有必然的相关关系，有的基因型，如自交系18-599和18-599在胚性愈伤组织诱导率和愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个性状都表现相当优异；有的基因型，如自交系综31，仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率性状表现高于19-599和18-599，但在胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数这一性状则与它们有相当大的差距，仅为19-599和18-599的1/3左右；有的基因型，如S37、R08、R15、P138、A318等玉米自交系不仅幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率很低，平均仅在3％左右，而且胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数表现也很差，基本上没有分化成苗。

A resource population constructed by F 2 design with Landrace and Chinese indigenous Lantang pigs was used in this study.

数量性状是由少数效应较大的主基因或数量性状座位和许多效应很小的多基因控制的[1] 。

Chrysanthemum of 10 thousand birthday is lax to edaphic requirement, with the arenaceous qualitative loam with fecund, good drainage had better.

万寿菊对土壤要求不严，以肥沃。排水良好的砂质壤土为好。

He unstepped the mast and furled the sail and tied it.

他拔下桅杆，把帆卷起，系住。