制度

By analyzing institutional practice ofsoftware industry development in foreign countries, we clearly show that institutional synergy is acritical reason for a successful software industry, while institutional incompleteness is a barrier tosoftware industry development, whatever it is formal or informal.

建立在理论和调查统计数据之上，通过对我国制度供给和制度需求的实证分析，透析了我国软件产业发展所处制度环境的基本状况，揭示了制度缺陷产生的原因，表现的形式和变化的方向，在此基础上，提出了实现制度协同效应的基本模型、途径和手段。

There are two side of it, it is unperfect in technology and unhealthiness in policy. It refer the reform of civil paper of judgement must improving the technology and innovating the policy. It points put that must unify the pattern of making civil paper of judgement in technology to make it measure up the criterion of making as soon as possible. Namely, it must open the process of adjudgment and conclude and analyze the process of the party quoting, it enhance argument. In policy, it must promote independence in judicatory, establish the reference policy of prejudication, to abolish the policy of examine and approve paper of judgement. Establish the policy of solely managing secretary and assistant judge .

最后提出民事判决书改革要加快技术改良和坚持制度革新的思路，并具体提出在技术层面要尽快统一民事判决书制作样式，使全国范围内民事判决书的制作在最短时间内有效达到基本层次上的合乎规范，即判决书要公开审判全过程，要对当事人举证质证过程全面反映并一一分析认证，要增强说理性等；在制度层面要继续推动司法独立、建立判例参考制度、废除判决书审批制度、建立书记官、法官助理单列制度等。

Secondly, the author completely combs and sums up the credit system at different stage. The thesis analyzes the transformation of China's credit system after the foundation of New China. The thesis compares the characteristics and performance of different credit system; understand the historical status of credit system, Summarizes the deficiency in order to improve credit system arrangement.Thirdly, by analyzing an example of how middle size enterprises finance, we conclude that middle and small size company can avoid credit admeasure by the innovation of credit system.

论文分析了从新中国成立至今我国商业银行信贷制度的变迁，通过对不同阶段信贷制度安排的特点以及绩效的比较，了解我国商业银行信贷制度的历史状况，并总结不足，以有利于今后更好的完善。3、通过一个中小企业融资的案例的实证分析，得出银行信贷制度的创新可以使小企业的信贷避免遭遇信贷配给，同时大银行利用平台贷款可以在小企业贷款中降低交易成本，获取比较优势。4、对商业银行信贷制度做了具体细致的研究。

It can oppose the third part in conditions. From the point of view of the value of the law, the priority of labor"s creditor"s right takes the value to protecting live value of the human being, to preserving the social equality and justice, to protecting the puny, to dispersing the social risks, to protecting the basic human rights. According to the institutional theories of law, the priority of labor"s creditor"s right has the important value that it can realize justice; optimize the allocation of the risks, encourage people to supervising the discharge of the labor"s creditor"s right. On the basis of the sociology of law, the priority of labor"s creditor"s right is the social demands development and has strong social sense.

从法的价值理念的角度看，劳动债权优先权制度秉承的保护人类的生存价值，维护社会公平正义，保护弱势群体，分散社会风险，保护基本人权，推行保护劳动者的社会政策的价值理念；从制度法学的角度看，劳动债权优先权制度具有实现公平、优化风险配置、激励社会力量对劳动债权的及时清偿进行监督和督促的重要制度价值；从法社会学的角度看，劳动债权优先权制度是社会发展的需要，具有很强的社会意义。

The development of financial institution in Anglo-Norman is important for the formation of medieval English financial institution. Based on Anglo-Saxon system, framed in Norman dynasty's feudalism, medieval English financial system was able to form its own characters.

盎格鲁-诺曼时期的财政制度是中世纪英国财政制度的的起点，以盎格鲁撒克逊时期的制度为基础，以诺曼王朝的采邑制度为框架，中世纪英国的财政制度得以形成自己的特点。

According to the comparativeness, ten items of condition are necessary to realize the fiscal institutional transition, which are keeping political and social stability, dealing with the relations between the target and the course of reform properly, combining the foreign experience with actual fact of our own country, emphasizing on the role of public finance in economic transition, making the progress of institution transition in line with cognition, working out a good scheme, coordinating the fiscal system with political system, accelerating the construction of fiscal legal institutional, enhancing the investment for informal institutional, having the support from the top-rank decision-maker, and the not-being-afraid-of-difficulty spirit for the reform leader.

根据比较，要实现财政制度变迁的目标应具备10项条件：保持政局和社会稳定，正确处理改革目标与改革过程的关系，把国外经验同本国实际结合起来，重视发挥财政在经济转轨中的作用，制度变迁的进度要与认识水平相一致，要有一个好的改革方案，财政制度要与政治制度相协调，加快财政法制建设，加大对非正式制度的投资，最高决策者的支持和改革领导者勇往直前的精神。

Firstly, the author does some research on the general protection system on Creditors protection in civil law .He holds that the general protection system has a defect that can not adapt to new era's requirements, and he also believes from the perspective of merchant law and economical law that the protection system in corporate law is a heritage and development of the general protection system in civil law. Then, he analyzes, discusses and concludes.the protection system in corporate law of different countries and takes the concerned system in Japanese corporate law as an example.

作者首先对民法上之债权人利益保护一般制度进行了研究，认为民法上之一般制度存在不能应对新时代要求之缺陷，并且从商法和经济法的角度出发，认为公司法上债权人利益保护制度是对民法一般保护制度的继承和发展；随后，作者对各国公司法上关于公司分立中债权人利益保护制度进行了总结、分析和探讨，并以日本公司法上的相关制度为例进行了比较考察。

This paper is taking a grass root court of one provinces backward district in central area of our country as the analyzed angle, and from the origin and development of judicial committee system, scanning the history evolution and development track of this system earnestly, as well as by ideological inspection to the establishment of the system, analyzed deeply the difficulties and embarrassment of judicial committee in practice in our country, then concluded the reasons of malfunction of the system, so it comes to the necessity and reality of abolishing the judicial committee system.

本文以我国中部某省的一个较落后地区基层法院的民事审判为分析视点，从审委会制度的源与流入手，认真审视该制度的历史沿革与发展轨迹，并通过对该制度建构的思辨性考察，深入剖析审委会制度在我国实践运行中的困境与无奈，归纳与总结审委会制度功能与运作不畅的原因，从而得出审委会制度废除的必然性和现实性。

The first part analyse the academic base of setting up the supervisory board system, this part point out that setting up the supervisory board system show the value concept of protecting security in the Company Law of the People"s Republic of China;setting up the supervisory board system is the embodiment of separation of the three powers which is the in the Company Law of the People"s Republic ofChina;Designing and carrying out the supervisory board system is to solve the problem of entrusting and substitution; the effective running of the supervisory board system is the actual demand for the modem enterprises to solve the problem of powerof control.

首先以英美法系国家独立董事制度和大陆法系国家的监事会制度进行比较，以美、德、日、韩为蓝本，重点考察了大陆法系的监事会制度，介绍了这几个国家监事会制度独有的特色和特点，再在此基础上评述两大监督模式的优缺点，从而得出了公司内部的监督机制，依赖于本国的法律制度、经济背景和文化传统，无所谓谁优谁劣的结论，虽然两大法系的公司监督机制在互相借鉴，但并没有从根本上改变各自的公司权力构架，公司监控机制有效发挥取决于制度设计的合法性、合理性和可操作性。

According to that, the author indicated that by right of regulating teacher's duties, rights and benefits, university teacher management institution standardizes teachers'behaviors and adjusts the regulation system of teachers'relationship. University teacher management institution is an arrangement of institution with reification and it includes multiple levels and types. Macroscopically, the nation's different policies, byelaws and regulations on teachers'status, rights and benefits formed a series of macroscopical institutions of teacher management; microcosmically, university teacher management institution refers to a set of behavioral rule created by the interior practical need of a university.

并由此指出：大学教师管理制度是规定教师责任，赋予教师权利和利益的规则体系；其功用是规范教师行为，调整教师与其他群体及教师之间的关系；大学教师管理制度是一种具体化制度安排；大学教师管理制度包括多个层次和类型，宏观上，国家对教师的地位、权利、责任、利益等进行规定的各项政策、条例、法规，形成了教师管理的一系列的宏观制度，微观上，大学教师管理制度是指大学内部根据实际需要建立的一套教师管理的行为规范。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。