共同海损

Expenses incurred by or on behalf of the assured for the safety or preservation of the subject-matter insured, other than general average and salvage charges, are called particular charges, Particular charges are not included in particular average.

2除共同海损和救助费用外，由被保险人或代表被保险人，为保险标的的安全或保存保险标的所产生的费用，叫做特别费用。特别费用不包括在单独海损内。

Where the subject matter insured is warranted free from particular average, the assured cannot recover for a loss of part, other than a loss incurred by a general average sacrifice, unless the contract be apportionable, the assured may recover for a total loss of any apportionable part.

(1) 如果保险标的按不保单独海损投保，除非保险单所包含的合同是可分割的，否则被保险人遭受的部分损失，将不能得到赔偿，如果属共同海损牺牲的损失。但如是可分割的，则被保险人可以对任何保险标的可分割部分的全损得到赔偿。

Where the subject-matter insured is warranted free from particular average, the assured cannot recover for a loss of part, other than a loss incurred by a general average sacrifice, unless the contract contained in the policy be apportionable; but, if the contract be apportionable, the assured may recover for a total loss of any apportionable part.

这段话的意思是：如果保险标的按不赔单独海损条款投保，除非保险合同是可分割的，被保险人所遭受的部分损失不能获得赔偿，但属于共同海损牺牲的损失可获赔偿；若保险合同是可分割的，被保险人就任何可分割部分的全损可获赔偿。

Particular average, the assured cannot recover for a loss of part, otherthan a loss incurred by a general average sacrifice, unless the contractcontained in the policy be apportionable; but, if the contract beapportionable, the assured may recover for a total loss of any apportionablepart.

76（1）如果保险标的按不赔单独海损条款投保，除非保险合同是可分割的，被保险人所遭受的部分损失不能获得赔偿，但属共同海损牺牲的损失可获赔偿；若保险合同是可分割的，被保险人就任何可分割部分的全损可获赔偿。

When a ship is ashore and cargo and ship's fuel and stores or any of them are discharged as a general average act, the extra cost of lightening, lighter hire and reshipping, and the loss or damage sustained thereby, shall be admitted as general average.

作为共同海损行为而卸下搁浅船舶的货物、船用燃料和物料时，其减载、租用驳船和重装的额外费用和由此所遭受的灭失或损坏，都应认作共同海损。

The cost of insuring money advanced to pay for general average disbursements shall also be allowed in general average.

共同海损费用垫款的保险费，也应作为共同海损。

The cost of insuring general average disbursements shall also be admitted in general average.

共同海损费用垫款的保险费，也应作为共同海损。

The first two chapters starts with the history of the development of General Average and makes analysis on the debate of reserving and abolishing G.A. On the basis of the above, the Writer summarized that how to take a correct look at the problem of preserving and abolishing G.

前两章从共同海损制度的发展历史入手，对这一制度的存废之争进行了分析，总结出应当如何正确地看待这一制度的保留与废除，以及废除共同海损制度应当具备的条件。

In thelight of the above, in Chpater 5, the Writer focuses on the feasibility of the substitution theory of Marine Insurance and makes a concrete analysis of the remedy pattern in law when G.A is abolished.

有鉴于此，在本文的第五章作者重点阐述了废除共同海损制度后，海上保险等制度的替代在理论上具有可行性，并且具体分析和初步构建了废除共同海损制度后的救济模式。

However, theses years the proposals of predigesting or abolishing General Average come out, especially when the UNCITRAL Transport Law Convention abolished the Exemption of Nautical Fault, which increased the contradictons between G.A distribution and the defense against it and impersonally impelled the adjustment scale of G.A become narrower and narrower. Therefore it will be very important to put on the agenda aga in the problem on whether to abolish or reserve General Average.

但是近年来简化以致废除共同海损的呼声渐起，尤其是在 UNCITRAL 《运输法公约》取消了航海过失免责之后，使得共损分摊与抗辩的矛盾更加突出，客观上促使共同海损的调整范围呈现逐渐缩小的趋势，在此情况下，重新将这一制度应否被废除的问题提上日程是极为有意义的。

If you are unfortunate enough to the lovelorn, please tell me, I will help you out, really, please contact me!

如果你不幸失恋了，请告诉我，我会帮助你摆脱困境，真的，请联系我啦！

China's plan to cut energy intensity by 20 percent and pollutant discharges by 10 percent between 2006 and 2010 is a case in point.

中国计划在2006年到2010间降低20%的能源强度和减少10%的主要污染物排放，就是一个这样的例子。