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As early as Before Chin Dynasty, the Confucianists had developed the learning tradition that virtue and truth were emphasized equally. Their learning principle was self-cultivation in both benevolence and wisdom, i.e. moral inquiry.The learning tradition of ancient West mainly means the learning tradition created by Socrates and developed by Plato and Aristotle. It paid close attention to existence and the intrinsic consistence of knowledge and benevolence.The Enlightenment had dual influence on existentialism meaning of learning. For one thing, it created conditions for the liberation of human. The call for ration, freedom and democracy aroused inquiry spirit in education. For another,"subject-object" dualism looked oh scientific knowledge as rigid object truth, and human mind became "mirror" to reflect the objective reality. So education degenerated into knowledge indoctrinating and skills training. It depressed inquiry spirit and human creative personality.

先秦以来儒家的学习传统是强调真理与德性并重，儒家的学习原则是仁智双修，德性探究；古代西方的学习传统，主要是指由苏格拉底所开创，经柏拉图、亚里士多德继承和发展的关注人的生存、追求知识与&善&的内在一致性的学习传统；启蒙运动一方面为在教育中实现人的解放创造了条件，对理性、自由和民主的呼唤催生了教育中的探究精神，但另一方面，启蒙理性的&主-客体&二元论性格，使得科学知识变成僵化的客观真理，人的心灵变成反映客观实在的&镜子&，教育由此退变为知识灌输和技能训练的过程，压抑了探究精神和人的创造个性。

Thirdly, we describe the motion patterns of cluster knowledge system, and point out that it has two kinds of movements including exterior knowledge internalizes firms'and clusters', and interior knowledge spills over from firms to cluster.

接着，我们解析了集群知识系统的运动模式，指出知识系统中存在着外部知识内化、内部知识溢出这两种知识活动。

There are significant interplays between culture teaching and types of motivation, which are displayed in five aspects: 1 knowledge of custom versus motivation of information medium, motivation of individual development, and motivation of intrinsic interest respectively; 2 teaching communicative knowledge versus motivation of information medium and motivation of intrinsic interest respectively; 3 interactive teaching versus motivation of information medium, motivation of individual development, and motivation of social responsibility respectively; 4 teaching with modern technology versus motivation of information medium, motivation of individual development, motivation of intrinsic interest and motivation of social responsibility; 5 cultural knowledge related with the contents of the textbook versus motivation of information medium, motivation of individual development, and motivation of intrinsic interest respectively.

四、大学英语教育中文化教学与学习动机存在着显著的相互作用，具体表现在以下五方面，第一，风俗习惯知识分别与信息媒介动机、个人发展动机及内在兴趣动机；第二，交际文化知识教学分别与信息媒介动机、内在兴趣动机；第三，互动教学分别与个人发展动机、信息媒介动机及社会责任动机；第四，现代技术手段教学分别与信息媒介动机、个人发展动机、内在兴趣动机与社会责任动机；第五，与课本内容有关的文化知识分别与信息媒介动机、个人发展动机及内在兴趣动机。

At the new latitude, the new courses aim at the preliminary development of innovative passion, abilities in practice, scientific and human accomplishment and the sense of environment of students. They also aim at the preliminary development of basic knowledge, skills and methods of students which benefit them lifelong. They emphasize to change the actuality of overemphasizing accepting knowledge, learning and practice by rote, and advocate students of the initiatively participation, ready inquire and industrious action. They foster the abilities to collect and process information, to obtain new knowledge, to analyze problems and solve them, and to communicate and cooperate with others.

在新的形式下，新课程的培养目标是要使学生具有初步的创新精神、实践能力、科学和人文素养以及环境意识；具有适应终身学习的基础知识、基本技能和方法……强调要改变课程实施过于强调接受学习、死记硬背、机械训练的现状，倡导学生主动参与、乐于探究、勤于动手，培养学生搜集和处理信息的能力、获取新知识的能力、分析和解决问题的能力以及交流与合作的能力。

The value of knowledge is not only in knowledge itself, but in the actions the knowledge provokes and the influence it makes.

知识经济的时代，徒有知识的资源是不够的，因为知识的价值不仅在知识本身，知识导引出来的行动及其影响更为重要。

The dialectical-materialist theory of knowledge places practice in the primary position, holding that human knowledge can in no way be separated from practice and repudiating all the erroneous theories which deny the importance of practice or separate knowledge from practice.

辩证唯物论的认识论把实践提到第一的地位，认为人的认识一点也不能离开实践，排斥一切否认实践重要性、使认识离开实践的错误理论。

As early as 1988 Dr. Cao gave andrology knowledge lecture every week in "QiaoQiaoHua" Program of Tianjin Rodeos economystation to spread the andrology knowledge and explain the knowledge in two aspects of physical health and mental health, and to help them out of their difficulty.

早在1988年天津广播电台经济台的&悄悄话&栏目就邀请曹大夫每周做男科知识讲座，普及男科知识，从男性朋友的生理健康和心理健康两方面进行讲解，为广大男性朋友排忧解难。

The bidding and evaluating bidding in building plant is a sophisticating system which requires professional knowledge of machines and electron of building plant, economy knowledge of construction cost as well as the knowledge of bidding.

建设工程设备招标评标涉及面很广，既需要机电设备的专业知识，又需要工程造价方面的经济知识，并要掌握政策性很强的招投标知识，是一项十分复杂的系统工程。

Knowledge science has been producing results such as knowledge conversion theory,knowledge systematizing methods,and methods for the development of creativity.

知识科学已经产生了研究成果，如知识转化理论、知识系统化方法和知识创造力开发方法。

The traditional language teaching treats knowledge absolute truth, seeing knowledge in brief a study from the outside go to inside of importation process, underrates the ability and knowledge experience of a student and despise the learners'mental worlds of and difference etc., making the teachers and the students vitality not get to develop well in the teaching, resulting in the basic task of knowing being also hard completed effectively.

传统语文教学把知识看成绝对真理，把学习简单看成是知识由外到内的输入过程，低估了学生已有的认知能力和知识经验，轻视学习者心理世界的丰富性和差异性等，使师生的生命力在教学中得不到充分发挥，结果连其视为最主要的认识性任务也难以有效完成。

"The operators will suffer a temporary decrease in the number of consumers and short message services as people may not like having to provide their ID cards for a phone number," Xu Junqi, vice-dean with the Policy-Making Institute of the Telecommunications Research Centre under MII, said yesterday.

信息产业部下属的通信决策研究院副主任徐俊其昨天说：&实行手机实名制后，人们可能不太情愿用身份证注册手机号，所以通信运营商会暂时面临用户减少和短信用户减少的问题。&

I don't believe in make-believe!

我不相信这些虚构的故事。