过失责任

The onus probandi theory in German significant diagnosing and treating error is similar to our country's contrapositive rule in proof responsibility.

德国的重大诊疗过失的证明责任理论与我国的证明责任倒置规则很相似，但二者在适用条件及当事人的证明责任负担方面有所不同。

After the general inquiry into negligent coprincipal, the thesis' analysis is oriented to the difficulties faced with acknowledging negligent coprincipal: Firstly, it is restricted by existing criminal law.

文章否定过失共犯的概念，认为所谓的过失教唆和过失帮助其实是一种过失助成行为，一般可不予追究刑事责任，确须追究的，可以将其作为殊殊间接正犯处理。

Negligent coprincipal and intentional joint crime both belong to joint crime category and thus should be integrated into unified joint crime legislative pattern. But intentional joint crime is fundamental in reality, while negligent coprincipal is exceptional in certain extent. Furthermore, the existing joint crime legislation is established on the basis of intentional crime as its core. And the concept、constitution categorization and the assumption of criminal liability are different.

过失共同正犯与故意共同犯罪都是共同犯罪，应该包括在统一的共同犯罪立法模式下，但是，由于共同故意犯罪在现实生活中居于基础性地位，过失共同正犯具有例外性，现行共同犯罪立法也是以故意犯罪为核心建构的，而且两者在概念、成立条件、类型划分以及刑事责任的承担上，都存在一定差别，因此我国的共同犯罪立法应该采用过失共同正犯与故意共同犯罪二元一体的立法模式。

Acknowledging unpremeditated coprincipal is bound to cause drastic impact on the traditional joint crime system. Although opposing negligent coprincipal can preserve "legality" of the traditional joint crime system, a considerable portion of criminal liabilities caused by joint negligence cannot be reasonably explained under the seemingly perfect system.

肯定过失共同正犯，必然会对传统的共同犯罪制度造成极大的冲击；否定过失共同正犯，固然能够维护传统共同犯罪制度的&合法性&，但是相当一部分由于共同过失导致的犯罪现象却无法在这种看似完备的体系内得到合理的诠释，试图在理论上为追究共同过失行为人的刑事责任奠定充足的根据，更显得捉襟见肘。

Commencing from the basis of carrier's liability established in Hague Rules, this paper analyzes the relation between the ship interests'fault and general average contribution in conjunction with an introduction of the respective judicial practices and doctrines in United Kingdom, United States and China in this respect together with the understanding as to Rule D of York-Antwerp Rules 1974, and therefore concludes as follows:(1) No contribution may be collected from cargo where the general average was occasioned by the ship interests'fault, whether exemptible or actionable.

本文从《海牙规则》所确立的船东责任制度出发，结合英美两国及我国的司法实践和观念以及对《1974年约克-安特卫普规则》的规则D的理解，针对船方的过失与共同海损分摊之间的关系进行了探讨，并得出如下结论： 1、无论船方的过失是否可以根据法律或合同予以免责，只要该过失使得共同海损行为成为必要，船方就无权要求货方参与分摊。

Any clause, covenant, or agreement in a contract of carriage relieving the carrier or the ship from liability for loss or damage to, or in connexion with, goods arising from negligence, fault, or failure in the duties and obligations provided in this Article or lessening such liability otherwise than as provided in this Convention, shall be null and void and of no effect.

运输合同中的任何条款、约定或协议，凡是解除承运人或船舶对由于疏忽、过失或未履行本条规定的责任和义务，因而引起货物或关于货物的灭失或损害的责任的，或以下同于本公约的规定减轻这种责任的，则一律无效。

The Convention rescinds the statutory presumption of fault and at the same time establishes the proportional fault rule.

它废除了在过失标准判断上的法律推定过失原则，确立了在碰撞责任认定方面的过失比例原则。

Through the use for reference of the experience of developed country, and linking explicit case, the author analyzes the ratio to Contributory negligence from the two facets of character explain and mathematics explains. We may conclude that the ratio of Contributory negligence is no more then 50% of total liability in compensation responsibilities on mobile vehicles road traffic accident. Namely, whether the victim is in fault or not, the inflictor' liability is no less than 50% of total liability.

在此基础上，通过借鉴发达国家先进立法经验，结合具体案例，从文意解释、数理分析两个方面对过失相抵的比率进行了分析论证，得出结论：在交通事故赔偿责任中过失相抵的比率不得超过50%，即无论机动车一方是否有过错，在受害方对损害的发生有过错因此而减轻机动车一方的责任时，减轻的程度不得超过全部损失的50%。

The fundamentals that the course offered for include the following: development of tort liability, intentional torts, negligence, causation, joint tortfeasors, limited duty, owner's and occupiers of land, defense, strict liability, products liability, defamation, misuse of legal procedure, misrepresentation, interference with advantageous relationships and damages.

希藉英美法院案件解析与相关资料研读、培养学生法学上思考、分析及判断能力，了解英美侵权行为法律体系及其应用；内容包括：侵权行为民事责任沿革、故意侵权行为、过失侵权行为、因果关系、共同侵权行为、传来侵权责任、土地所有/占有人责任、严格责任、产品制造人责任、诽谤、滥诉、不实陈述、新型态侵权行为、抗辩事由、损害赔偿及其他救济途径等。

Judging from the historical change of international legislation concerning the onus probandi allocation of the carrier in sea transportation claims and from the challenges of theories of the onus probandi by some of China's legislative regulations, there is not a general standard for the allocation of onus probandi. There is a close relationship between this allocation and civil responsibility. In present age, China can consider solve the allocation of onus probandi by means of legal explanation.

从关于海运索赔中承运人过失举证责任分配的国际立法的历史变化和部分国内立法的有关规定对举证责任分配诸学说的挑战中得到的启示是，不存在举证责任分配的一般性标准，更不应过于迷信罗森贝克的规范说；举证责任分配与民事责任之间存在密切联系；我国目前可以考虑用法律解释的方法解决举证责任分配问题。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。