贵族政治的

Chapter three: The Evolution of the Political Status of London and the Formation of the Aristocracy.

第三章"伦敦政治地位的演变与官僚贵族阶层的形成"。

The final part of this thesis discusses the significance of aristocratic tradition for modern politics and modern society.

本文在结语部分探讨了贵族政治传统对于现代政治和现代社会的意义。

The reform of Jean-Jacques Rousseau lays a foundation of democratic politics, Peisistratus' Tyrannos is an omnidirectional development of democracy, while Cleisthenes' reform steadily improves the Government of Athens, and the establishment of the democratic government system are marked by the practice that people are the master of sovereignty.

在漫长的历史进程中，始终伴随着多次重大的社会改革运动，可以说，改革既是雅典民主政治形成与发展的需要，又是民主化进程的推动力。刚诞生的雅典城邦是典型的贵族政治国家。如果把雅典民主政治

Hence, this article investigates the interaction between the French monarchy and the feudal lords during the late medieval period, as well as examines the evolution of the Kingdom of France from a feudal system to a monarchial system through the transformation of the political role of the Peerage of France.

因此，本文主要探讨究中世纪晚期法兰西王权与封建贵族权力的互动关系，透过「法兰西贵族」这种权力机制的政治功能与意义的转变，来检视法兰西王权转脱离封建政治面貌，转变为君主国家的过程。

Like other signore families they dominated their city's government. They were able to bring Florence under their family's power, allowing for an environment where art and humanism could flourish.

如同其他贵族政治家族一样，他们掌握了市政府政权，把佛罗伦萨控制在他们家族的势力范围内，使得艺术和人文主义氛围能够得到繁荣。

China enters landlord economy feudal society, because want to break through rural commune,be --, the "nine squares" system --, manacle to what productivity develops, unite the world to be chance with business Yang political reform of Qin Guo and the Qin Dynasty consequently, in economically useless Jing Tian, open crisscross footpaths between fields, land civilian be able to buying and selling, change seigniorial economy is landlord economy, in political abandon county of county of feudal, buy, change aristocratic politics is bureaucratic politics.

中国进入地主经济封建社会，是由于要突破农村公社———井田制———对生产力发展的束缚，因而以秦国的商鞅变法和秦统一天下为契机，在经济上废井田、开阡陌、土地民得以买卖，变领主经济为地主经济，在政治上废封建、置郡县，变贵族政治为官僚政治。

I see the frontiers and boundaries of the old aristocracies broken

看见古代贵族政治的边境和疆界的崩溃

With the increasing abundance it became increasingly possible to see and to admit the element of hypocrisy which had entered into the traditional notion of aristocracy; the existing aristocracies proved to be oligarchies rather than aristocracies.

随着不断的富足，贵族制的传统模式之伪善也不断地被发现和承认；当前的贵族政治更多的是寡头政治而不是贵族政治。

With these differences, however, that in the East aristocracies became religious, in the West civil or political, the proposition that a historical era of aristocracies succeeded a historical era of heroic kings may be considered as true, if not of all mankind, at all events of all branches of the Indo-European family of nations.

在东方，贵族政治成为宗教的，而在西方，贵族政治成为民事的或政治的，虽然有着这些区别，但是，在一个英雄国王历史时代的后面跟着来了一个贵族政治的历史时代，这样一个命题是可以被认为正确的，纵使并不对于全人类都是如此，但无论如何，对于印度—欧罗巴（Indo－ European）系各国是一概可以适用的。

Wuchang did not form relatively independent industry and commerce all along in the Qing dynasty , in. traditional society it clinged tightly to the bureaucrat regime, commerce trade gived first place to the articles of luxury that the bureaucrat nobleman consumed; before modern times it was deeply affected by politics factor. The level of industry and commerce development at the modern times had great relation with the political support, so economic growth had fought the notable politics brand.

清代武昌一直没有形成相对独立的工商业，在传统社会紧紧依附官僚政权，商业贸易以官僚贵族消费的奢侈品为主，在近代转型时期也深受政治因素影响，近代工商业发展的水平与政治支持的强弱紧密相关，因此其经济发展打上显著的政治烙印。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。