论战

The seeds of discontent were planted by Adolph Berle and Gardiner Means (1932) in relation to the separation of ownership from control, by Ronald Coase (1937) with reference to the puzzle of vertical integration and the theory of the firm, by Chester Barnard (1938), who featured adaptation of a cooperative kind accomplished through hierarchy (as opposed to adaptation through the market in response to changes in relative prices), by the 'marginalist controversy' of the 1940s, and by Armen Alchian's (1950) appeal to evolutionary arguments to explain observed economic regularities.

不满的种子由此而种下，例如， Adolph Berle 和 Gardiner Means （1932）有关所有权和控制权分离的研究， Ronald Coase （1937）对纵向一体化难题和企业理论的关注， Chester Barnard （1938）对一种通过层级实现的合作式调节方式（相对于通过市场响应相关价格改变而实现的调节方式）的强调，20世纪40年代的"边际主义论战"，以及 Armen Alchian （1950）对用演进观点来解释观察到的经济规律的呼吁。

For the first time he heard of socialism, anarchism , and single tax, and learned that there were warring social philosophies

他第一次听见了社会主义、无政府主义、单一税制，也听说了种种论战不休的社会哲学。

From Rusticus I received the impression that my character required improvement and discipline; and from him I learned not to be led astray to sophistic emulation, nor to writing on speculative matters, nor to delivering little hortatory orations, nor to showing myself off as a man who practises much discipline, or does benevolent acts in order to make a display; and to abstain from rhetoric, and poetry, and fine writing; and not to walk about in the house in my outdoor dress, nor to do other things of the kind; and to write my letters with simplicity, like the letter which Rusticus wrote from Sinuessa to my mother; and with respect to those who have offended me by words, or done me wrong, to be easily disposed to be pacified and reconciled, as soon as they have shown a readiness to be reconciled; and to read carefully, and not to be satisfied with a superficial understanding of a book; nor hastily to give my assent to those who talk overmuch; and I am indebted to him for being acquainted with the discourses of Epictetus , which he communicated to me out of his own collection.

我从拉斯蒂克斯那里领悟了许多，这使我的性格得以完善和规范；他让我懂得如何不致陷入诡辩论战的歧途，如何不写那些投机取巧的文章，如何不发表急功近利的演说，如何像深藏不露者那样既不显山露水，又能循循善诱、从善如流；他教我力戒文过饰非、靡丽铺张和词藻华美；他教我别装模作样、咆哮于庭，亦不作诸如此类的其它做派；他教我用词简洁，就像拉斯蒂克斯从辛努厄萨写给母亲的书信那样行文；他教我宽以待人，无论他人恶语相加还是错上加错，只要他们有和解之意，必当冰释前嫌、和好如初；他教我用功读书，不满足于一知半解；他教我不要随便附和夸夸其谈的人；我感激他让我熟读爱比克泰德的演讲论文，使我在他的文集之外与他沟通交流。

This has raised the spectre of a row with Turkey's most powerful ally, America.

这也引发了一个糟糕事态——与土耳其最强力的盟友美国的论战。

Unfair treatment which" suffers today facing the science, many scientists, the philosopher, the sociologists start to rise spiritedly to counter-attack, on the century\'s end "the scientific war" and so on a series of controversies are all quarters "the thought dashes the results.

面对科学今天所遭受的"不公正待遇"，许多科学家、哲学家、社会学家开始奋起反击，上世纪末的"科学大战"等一系列的论战都是各方"思想冲撞"的结果。

The worst offence of this kind which can be committed by a polemic, is to stigmatize those who hold the contrary opinion as bad and immoral men.

在这一类触犯当中论战者所能犯的最坏的一种乃是把持见相反的人诋毁为坏的和不道德的人。

One consequence of the internal competition that is a fixture of America's governmental structure is constant public debate about the proper balance of power among its branches.

这种内部之争是美国政府结构所固有的，其后果之一就是公众会就各权力分支间的适度平衡问题展开经常性的论战。

The core of the debate between Latour and Bloor on the Strong Program was the confrontation of Bloor\'s symmetry principle of Strong Program and Latour\'s second symmetry principle. The essential disagreement between their theories was whether to insist the subject-object schema, or to discard it. Each of them adopted his own criterion of metaphysics and the different criteria resulted in two different kinds of relativisms. Both sides fell into the same philosophical dilemma. The debate between the post-SSK represented by Latour and the SSK represented by Collins and Yearley intensively revealed their disagreement in interior social construction, manifested by the opposition between social realism and ontology of nature-society mixture, between the normative method and descriptive method, between signified view of science and practical view of science, respectively.It is necessary to trace and clarify the core concepts of Latour\'s "Actor-Network Theory" such as "actor","network","agent", etc.

关于拉图尔和布鲁尔之间关于强纲领的论战，其核心是布鲁尔强纲领的对称性原则与拉图尔的普遍对称性原则之间的争论，二人理论的本质不同在于坚持还是消解主体-客体模式，由于所持不同的形而上学标准导致了两种不同的相对主义，而争论双方陷入了相同的哲学困境；关于以拉图尔为代表的后科学知识社会学与柯林斯和耶尔莱为代表的科学知识社会学之争，集中体现了社会建构内部间在本体论、认识论、科学观上的分歧，分别表现为：社会实在论与自然—社会混合本体论的对立、规范主义进路与描述主义进路的对立、表征科学观与实践科学观之间的对立。

The motives for his introduction of an astronomical system different from that of Schall could also be two-faceted. Firstly, under the influence of the dispute between Lansberge's Copernican school and the Tyconic school in Europe, he apparently became a sympathizer of Lansberge's system. Secondly, being quite aware of the serious errors of Tychinic astronomy in some calculatoins, like a number of other Jesuit Fathers doing, Smogulecki was pobably trying to replace it with Lansberge's system, which he believed to be more exact.

至于他为什么要介绍一种不同于弟谷体系的天文学系统，原因也有两个方面：首先，他明显受到当是欧洲哥白尼和弟谷两大天文学派之间的论战的影响，并且对哥白尼学派的主张持同情态度；其次，于许多入华耶稣会士一样，穆尼阁很明白，弟谷体系在天文计算中仍然存在很大误差，所以想用他认为更加精密的兰斯伯格的天文学系统来对它加以取代。

Contents of the Epistle to the Colossians is mainly polemical, designed to refute certain theosophic errors that had crept into the church there.

内容书信的歌罗西书主要是论战，旨在驳斥某些theosophic错误已经悄悄进入教堂那里。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。