腐殖质的

It is worth noting that Russia's land is very fertile, as the founder of the Russian agrology Dokukin恰耶夫pointed out, the black soil zone is Russia's main source of wealth, Russia's black earth has lost 20%-50% of humus, However, it is still the world's most fertile soil.

值得注意的是，俄罗斯的土地非常肥沃，正如俄罗斯土壤学奠基人多库恰耶夫指出的那样，黑土地带是俄罗斯的主要财富，俄罗斯的黑土地曾丢失了20%-50%的腐殖质，但仍是世界上最肥沃的土壤。

Soils dominated by 2:1 clays(montmorillonite, vermiculite, illite), more frequently found in temperate zones, but also present in tropical and subtropical areas; behave different from the typical tropical red soils (Ultisols and Oxisols dominated by Fe and Al oxides and kaolinite) and from the soils developed from volcanic ash (Andisols dominated by allophane, imogolite, and humus-Al complexes) that are widely spread over the world.

我们常在温带地区发现的2：1型粘土矿物为主的土壤，也出现在热带和亚热带地区。这些土壤不同于世界范围内广泛分布的典型的热带红壤(以铁铝氧化物和高岭石为优势粘土矿物的老成土和氧化土)，也不同于由火山灰（以水铝萤石、伊利缟石和腐殖质-Al复合体为优势粘土矿物的火山灰土）发育的土壤。

Hence there are sufficient nutritive produces and water supply endowed on the blackland. The lesser Xinq'an mountain is rich in wild specialties, animal dejecta and humus containing, like infusion Chinese medicine, organic and trace elements.

纯净水灌溉：白山黑水之间，山水纯净，水系丰溢，大小兴安岭上丰富的山产品和以野草、野果为食的动物的粪便以及原始森林中多年积累的腐殖质，都富含着有机质和微量元素，这些有机质和微量元素经过雨水浸泡和冲刷，就像熬制好的中药一样，汇集成大大小小的河流，直接注入黑龙江这片平整的黑土地，从而像血管一样，滋润着本就肥得流油的寒地黑土。

Thirdly, Lower-grade plants such as lichen, bryozoan etc. begin to grow. Along with the accumulation of living beings is going more and more, the amount of organic matter in the parent material forming soil is going more and more, Then higher-grade plants gradually replace lower-grade plants, and through strong and extensive root system, the dispersive and soluble nutrition can be concentrated. After the death of organisms, and through decomposition of microbes, one part of the remains of the organisms becomes nutrients for plants, and another part of the remains turns into humus.

第三步，地衣、苔藓类低等植物开始生长，随着生物的积累作用越来越大，成土母质中的有机物数量不断增加，最后高等植物逐渐取代了低等植物，通过强大的根系把分散的可溶性养分集中起来，等到这些生物死亡之后，它们的残体经过微生物的分解作用，一部分成为后来植物所需的养分，另一部分变成了腐殖质。

Among the environmental factors,temperature nearly make the same effect toall the tree species of broad leaf korean pine forest.Moisture and fertility of soil aregreatly depend on the soil type.In the broad leaf korean pine forest zone,humus darkbrown soil has the best condition of moisture and fertility,The following are typicaldark brown soil、flood and forest soil;the third is albic brown soil and meadow soil;The worst ones are skeleton brown soil and marshy soil.

在影响树木生长的环境因子中，温度对所有树木的影响几乎相同，土壤的水肥因子是与土壤类型相关性很大的量，不同的土壤类型，水肥条件相差极大，在长白山阔叶红松林带，土壤水肥条件最好的是腐殖质暗棕壤，其次是典型暗棕壤和河滩森林土，土壤水肥条件一般的是草甸土和潜育暗棕壤，水肥条件最差的是粗骨棕壤和沼泽土。

Under the different sowing seeds way the soil ulmin, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, the fast-acting phosphorus content present the tendency which in 0-40cm various soil layers increases along with the soil layer depth reduces, take 0-10cm soil layer soil content as biggest; The change tendency which the colleague mixes broadcasts mixes with the interlacing broadcasts the change tendency which the lawn fast-acting potassium presents reduces, after the unicast awnless brome lawn presents falls first, increases again falls, take 0-10cm and 20-30cm soil layer soil content as biggest, is 80, and achieves the extremely remarkable difference with other soil layers between; pH presents increases the tendency.

混播草地上牧草根系死亡后，能在土壤中遗留大量的有机质，在土壤微生物的作用下形成土壤腐殖质，其中有丰富的氮、磷、钾等元素。无芒雀麦，又名禾萱草，无芒草，是世界上分布较广，应用较多的优良牧草；是草地补播和建立人工草地的理想草种。无芒雀麦生长快，竞争力强，在杂草较多的草荒地上种植，也能获得成功，为我国温带和寒温带建造人工草地的当家草种。

The results show that 42.86% topsoil samples are polluted by Cadmium, soil synthesis pollution index is moderate, Cadmium pollution degree of topsoil correlate with the environment of sampling sites. The results also show that exchangeable Cd, carbonate-bound Cd, organic-bound Cd and residual Cd are found in all soil samples except for Fe-Mn oxide-bound Cd. Furthermore, the concentration of exchangeable Cd and carbonate-bound Cd, both which have high biological validity, is high. Humus has a certain correlation with exchangeable Cd, organic-bound Cd and residual Cd, and has no obvious correlation with other chemical speciations. Any chemical speciation of Cd has no obvious correlation with pH and total Fe of soil samples. Cadmium in topsoil can be eluviated by acid solution, the quantity of Cadmium eluviated by redistilled water is little. With the rise of pH of eluviating solution, eluviated Cadmium quantity decrease. For the same soil sample, the lower pH value of eluviating solution is, the more fast the Cadmium is eluviated, and the more thequantity of Cadmium is eluviated.

研究结果表明：成都市表生土壤样中有42.86%受镉污染，镉综合污染水平达中度污染，成都市表生土壤镉污染程度与采样点周围环境表现出一定的相关性；除铁锰氧化物结合态镉在部分土壤样中未检出外，所有土壤样均含有可交换态镉、碳酸盐结合态镉、有机结合态镉、残留态镉，且生物有效性较高的可交换态镉和碳酸盐结合态镉占总镉量比例较高；成都市表生土壤中的腐殖质与可交换态镉、有机结合态镉、残留态镉有一定相关性，与碳酸盐结合态镉、铁锰氧化物结合态镉相关性不显著；各形态镉与土壤pH值和全铁的相关性均不显著；土壤中的镉可被酸溶液淋出，重蒸馏水淋出镉量十分微小；随着淋滤液pH值的升高，土壤样的镉淋出量下降，且0～5小时时段的镉淋出量占镉总淋出量比例下降，5～30小时时段的镉淋出量占镉总淋出量的比例上升，对同一土壤样而言，酸度大的淋滤液比酸度小的淋滤液淋出镉速度更快，淋出镉量更大。

The compost of agricultural waste materials is the process that under the function of microorganism, the organic matter turn into well-rotted manure by the way of the organic matter being mineralized and humus and harmless.

农业废弃物的堆腐是在微生物作用下，通过发酵使有机物矿质化、腐殖化和无害化而变成腐熟肥料的过程，在微生物分解有机物的过程中，不但生成大量可被植物吸收利用的有效态氮、磷、钾化合物，而且又合成新的高分子有机物---腐殖质。由于这一过程是在微生物分泌酶的作用下酶促反应过程，研究酶活性变化可以从本质上揭示堆腐的生物行为。

As the kernel of BPY system, advanced wet degradation technology of waste comprises delivering sorted degradable organic substances into reactor, charging steam to perform wet degradation reaction under certain temperature and pressure for 1-2 hours, killing pathogenic bacteria and grass seeds to eliminate odor, synthesizing partially degraded substances into humus material, and preparing wet-degraded material into commercial fertilizer.

具有领先性的湿解技术是BPY系统的核心。应用湿解技术处理垃圾，将经过分选的可降解有机物输送到反应器内，通入蒸汽，在一定温度、压力和有水存在的条件下进行湿解反应，1～2小时杀灭病原菌和草籽，消除恶臭，同时使有机物的各种组份得到降解，并使部分降解后的物质再合成为腐殖质。然后将经过湿解处理的物料制成商品肥。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。