结构基因

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

Sequence structure of a cloned gene is an important factor to determine its expression level in E.coli. In this paper, we studied the expression of a fragement of HIV-1 gp120 gene and a fragement of choler toxin A subunit gene in E.coli using a new expression strategyoptimizing the gene sequence as a whole.

外源基因的序列结构是影响外源基因在大肠杆菌中表达的重要因素，我们采用基于"外源基因全序列结构优化"的新的表达策略，研究了HIV-1 gp120-801和霍乱毒素A亚单位(CTA-246)基因在大肠杆菌中的表达情况。

METHODS: After AIF△1-120 gene was successfully cloned, the shorter truncated human AIF gene (AIF△1-400) was constructed by deleting the Nterminal mitochondrial localization sequence, the coding sequence of flavine adenine dinucleotide binding domain and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding domain of AIF protein.The truncated human AIF gene (AIF△1-400) was inserted into the pIRES2EGFP and pcDNA3 eukaryotic expression vectors, and the coexpression vectors were then transfected into HeLa cells with LipofectAMINE.

在AIF△1-120基因克隆成功的基础上进一步改造，构建截去AIF基因线粒体定位信号，FAD结合结构域和NADH结合结构域（1-400位氨基酸）编码序列的AIF△1-400基因，将其克隆入pcDNA3和pIRES2EGFP真核表达载体，用脂质体法转染HeLa细胞，通过荧光显微镜观察，MTT检测等方法检测该基因在转染细胞中的表达及其对肿瘤细胞的促凋亡活性。

METHODS: After AIF△1-120 gene was successfully cloned, the shorter truncated human AIF gene (AIF△1-400) was constructed by deleting the Nterminal mitochondrial localization sequence, the coding sequence of flavine adenine dinucleotide binding domain and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding domain of AIF protein.

在AIF△1-120基因克隆成功的基础上进一步改造，构建截去AIF基因线粒体定位信号，FAD结合结构域和NADH结合结构域（1-400位氨基酸）编码序列的AIF△1-400基因，将其克隆入pcDNA3和pIRES2EGFP真核表达载体，用脂质体法转染HeLa细胞，通过荧光显微镜观察，MTT检测等方法检测该基因在转染细胞中的表达及其对肿瘤细胞的促凋亡活性。

The structural, functional and informational concept of gene is not completely unified at all levels, the overlapping gene in the structural concept of gene which will be likely to definite a gene in the functional and informational concept of gene.

基因的结构概念、功能概念、信息概念并非在各个层面上都是完全统一的，基因的结构概念中提到的重叠基因，在基因的功能和信息概念中有可能就将其定义为一个基因。

A new gene structure is proposed: head+body+tail, which allows the program with necessary complexity and putting some learning mechanism into the search process.② A new homeotic gene structure is proposed, it not only can call for subroutines easily, but also can automatically perform programming.③ The concept of different homeotic gene, a multi-cellular structure is proposed. It can be used to describe the complex multi-level programs and to implement the complex subroutine calls.④ An estimation of distribution operator for guiding search is proposed. It fuses statistic learning mechanism into the search process to accelerate the convergent process and improve the quality of solutions.

提出了一种新的基因结构：头＋身＋尾，使计算机自动设计的程序具有必要的复杂性，又便于引入学习机制；②提出了一种新的同源基因结构，它不仅可实现子程序的调用，还具有很强的编程能力；③提出了异族同源基因的概念：一种多细胞结构，它能描述复杂的多层次程序结构，实现可重用程序的复杂调用；④提出了分布估计变异方法，将统计学习机制融入算法，既提高了算法的收敛速度，又提高了解的质量。

We initiated a genetic screen for Drosophila olfactory genes by means of SG18.1-Gal4/UAS system: The result validates our screen as an rapid, effective approach for recovering genes controlling glomerular map patterning; From a misexpression screen of 1,515 P{GS} lines, we identified 23 genes that, when forcibly expressed in the olfactory receptor neurons, disrupted the stereotyped anatomy of the Drosophila antennal lobes; These genes, which have not been shown previously to control olfactory map development, encode novel proteins as well as proteins with known roles in axonal outgrowth and cytoskeletal remodeling.

本文首次利用SG18.1-Gal4／UAS基因筛选系统对果蝇嗅觉基因进行了筛选和鉴定：结果表明，所采用的方法可以快速、有效地分离到果蝇嗅觉相关基因；从1515株果蝇P{GS}品系分离到86株突变体，其中40株有明显表型，从中鉴定了23个基因，这些基因在ORN强迫表达时可以损坏果蝇嗅叶的固有结构；在筛选中发现的一些调节嗅觉图谱发育的基因可以编码新蛋白或编码参与轴突生长和细胞骨架重塑的蛋白；为了便于研究，根据基因的功能和所编码蛋白的特点，我们对分离到的基因进行了分类，即参与轴突引导和突触产生、调节转录、调节细胞骨架和功能未确定或未知的基因；并通过对嗅觉感觉器的检测发现，除了调节转录的基因外，其他基因对触觉器的数量和分布影响不明显。

As a whole, study on the six boxH/ACA snoRNA in Schizosacchromyces pombe will be helpful for us to understand the diversity of the functions and structures as well as gene organizations of snoRNA genes, and also provide new evidences for demonstration of the evolvement and origin of snoRNA genes.

粟酒裂殖酵母6个boxH/ACA snoRNA基因的结构和功能研究有助于我们进一步了解snoRNA基因的结构，功能和基因组织的多样性，也为最终阐明真核生物snoRNA基因的起源与进化提供了新的证据。

It contains 215 bp, named as ZM908. Biosoftware anlysis sug gests that ZM908 gene properly belongs to the mRNA-like non-coding RNA gene which is purposed to lack of obvious open reading frame (the longest possibly contains 98 AA), contain poly tale and have stable RNA structure in vivo. ZM908 contains high conserved nucleotide sequence with ZM401 (including 371-598bp, 698-847bp and 929-1047bp in ZM908). The highest conserved sequence reaches 86%.The RT-PCR analysis result revealed that ZM908 is transcriptable.

基因分析显示这段序列含1215bp，命名为ZM908；采用生物学软件对ZM908序列和结构进行分析，表明该基因缺乏明显的开放阅读框架，序列中最长可能的开放阅读框架仅编码98个氨基酸，具有poly尾部结构，RNA分子具有稳定的二级结构，符合非编码RNA基因的特点，可能属于类似于mRNA的非编码基因；ZM908与ZM401有高度保守的区段(ZM908序列中有三段和ZM401是高度保守的，分别为371-598bp，698-847bp和929-1047bp)，相似性最高达到86%。

Polymorphism of HLA-DQB1 promoter region in Hans IDDM patients and normal controls have been identified by PCR, PCR/SSCP and PCR/sequencing methods.No differences were found in y and s box between patients and controls carrying different allele as well as in different ethnic groups. There are two different sequences in x box,but CCTAGAGACAGATT sequence locates frequently on the haplotype with DQB1.0302 allele. Polymorphism between transcription point and y box (at position －44～-46 and －59～-61) might be associated with the genetic susceptibility to IDDM. Additionally,a new single base mutant (CACC→CAC A ) was found at position －131 and －128 in two patients carrying DQB1.0601 allele.

结果显示携带不同等位基因的患者与对照者DQB1 5'-调控区y、s box核苷酸序列相同，且与白种人基因结构一致；y box核苷酸序列存在二种结构，CCTAGAGACAGATT序列常常与DQB1.0302等位基因在同一单倍型；转录起始位点至y box间-44至-61位存在多态性，-59至-61位AAG等位基因可能与1-型糖尿病易感相关联；在2例携带DQB1.0601等位基因患者的-131至-128位间发现CACC→ACA A单个碱基取代突变。

Chrysanthemum of 10 thousand birthday is lax to edaphic requirement, with the arenaceous qualitative loam with fecund, good drainage had better.

万寿菊对土壤要求不严，以肥沃。排水良好的砂质壤土为好。

He unstepped the mast and furled the sail and tied it.

他拔下桅杆，把帆卷起，系住。