立宪

Chaper four: the basic characteristics of the Estern Miscellanies constitutional propagand.

第四部分：《东方杂志》立宪宣传的特点。

Facing appeals of constitutionary-minded intellectuals and officials. Qing government reformed the bureaucratic system and the Eight Banner system in order to remove boundaries between Manchus and Han: administratively, occupationally, residentially, and socially. Authough these measures took positive parts in pushing political and social changes, Qing government was doomed not to accomplish dual historical tasks of political and national confirmination.

在资产阶级立宪派和赞同立宪官僚的吁请和擘画下，清政府一则从变革官制入手，渐次删除满汉分缺，划一满汉升途，以塞众口&畸轻畸重&之指责；一则从变通旗制出发，逐步消除满汉之间在居住、交产、婚姻、司法、职业、教育、姓氏称谓、风尚习俗及社会控制体系诸方面的藩篱和经界，以敦情好而泯嫌隙。

Chapter three: tentative analysis the relations between the Eastern Miscellanies government of Qing Dynasty and revolutional advocators.

第三部分：试析《东方杂志》在立宪宣传中对清政府和革命派关系的变化。

Latter offerred all sorts of version " impossible sex " theorematic, former the constitutional economics principle that offerred democracy, both is faced with the political economy that is not western society to examine and be amended of practice, especially economic behavior person is right the illuminate of the meaning of balanced behavior, there are different kind and consequence in different society, can cause very different political economy system so.

后者提供了各种版本的&不可能性&定理，前者提供了民主政治的立宪经济学原理，二者都面临着非西方社会的政治经济实践的检验和修正，尤其是经济行为人对均衡行为的意义的阐释，在不同社会有不同的方式和后果，故而可以导致很不同的政治经济制度。

The US electoral system this kind of Americanizing characteristic, is we said its special voting way, is USs election although is the general election system, but voters direct voting is not throws for presidents candidate, but is throws to us said, US from 1784, his constitutionalism conference already determined, we said called ElectoralCollege to be called the elector to roll the system, then this elector rolled the system, meant said USs presidential election, in essentially was one kind, was not the direct general election, but was one kind of indirect general election, then each voter voted gives Honshus thisWe said the elector, finally acts according to this state, two political party candidates, who attains this state in all voter ticket most, then this state all elector ticket, directly for this presidential candidate, therefore we said this kind of system in the voting way, calls WinningTakeOver, who is in which state achievement, then he is only possibly simple most, but he can attain this state all elector ticket.

美国选举制度这种美国化的特点，就是我们说它的特殊的投票方式，就是美国的大选尽管是普选制，但是选民的直接投票不是投给总统的候选人，而是投给我们说，美国从1784年，他的立宪会议就已经确定的，我们说叫ElectoralCollege叫选举人团制度，那么这个选举人团制度，就意味着说美国的总统大选，在本质上是一种，并不是直接的普选，而是一种间接的普选，那么每个选民投票给本州的这个，我们说选举人，最后根据这个州，两个政党候选人，谁拿到这个州的所有选民票中的多数，那么这个州的所有的选举人票，就直接给这个总统候选人，所以我们说这样一种制度在投票方式上，叫WinningTakeOver，就是谁在哪一个州获胜，那么他可能只是一个简单的多数，但是他会拿到这个州的所有的选举人票。

Chapter two: analyze the constitutional propaganda contents of the Eastern Miscellanies.

第二部分：对《东方杂志》立宪宣传的内容进行分析。

It mainly introduces the Eastern Miscellanies foundation early stage manager and chief editor early stage political tendency and the analysis of the rise of constitutional moverment.

该节主要介绍了《东方杂志》的创办、早期主持人和主编、前期政治倾向以及该刊对清末立宪运动的兴起所做的分析。

Chapter one: the Eastern Miscellanies and its constitutional propaganda survey.

本文共分为四个部分：第一部分：《东方杂志》及其立宪宣传概况。

The Federalist Papers provide an overview of the political theory that undergirds the U.S. Constitution and provide important insight into the intentions of the framers in constructing a new government.

联邦党人文集》不仅提供了一种坚固美国宪法根基的概括性的政治理论，而且是我们洞察立宪者们在创建新政府时的种种意图的重要资源。

I think the day will come when we will be able to make the distinction between us and the capitalists.

不管怎样，我们现在已经建立了一个立宪党，我们已经把它建立在社会主义的基础之上。

I'm strongly against the death penalty — it's an eye for an eye.

我不赞成死刑——这是以牙还牙的报复行为。

And to get you the support you need, we're enlisting all elements of our national power: our diplomacy and development, our economic might and our moral suasion, so that you and the rest of our military do not bear the burden of our security alone.

并给你们所须的支援，我们正徵召国家所有各种的力量：我们的外交及发展，我们的经济力量与道德劝说，所以你们与其他军人不须要孤独地负起国家安全的责任。