权力主义

The absolutist principle of a legally prescribed punishment for a specific crime was established by the criminal classical school, with Beccaria as its representative, by applying the strictness rules.

以贝卡利亚为代表的刑事古典学派采用严格规则主义，确定了绝对罪刑法定主义原则，即以立法权限制司法权，法官没有任何权力创制、解释和修改法律，也没有任何的自由裁量权。

In the course of modern company development, the position of directorate is more important.

现代公司的发展过程中，董事会的地位越来越重要，现代公司治理已经从"股东会中心主义"转向"董事会中心主义"，与此相适应，董事手中的权力也越来越大。

Instead this paper focuses on the theoretical, analytical dimension and offers three theoretical, analytical explanations for the questions: 1 because the literary indigenization paradigm engenders a kind of antagonism between different historical narratives which is difficult to be weakened; 2 because in the identity politics strategic essentialism is ready to slide from a mere strategy to a form of de facto essentialism that provokes an essentialist backlash; 3 because the literary indigenization paradigm and the conflict caused by it, after all, involves state power.

因此本文另辟蹊径，从理论分析的角度提出三点解释：第一，由於文学的本土化典范是一种叙事的本土化典范，其相关的争论有如世界观的冲突；第二、由於认同政治∕文化斗争中的「策略的本质主义」与本质主义之间不易区分，即使是策略性的认同宣称，也容易引起本质主义色彩的对抗；第三，因为文学的本土化典范终究涉及国家权力。

However, there is no attempt to reduce this to some fundamental or primitive type of power, since it seems that there are radically different types of power-structures (theocratic, imperial, capitalistic...) in different types of society.

然而，本文并没有试图将这些权力结构还原为一些基本的或原初的权力类型，因为在不同的社会类型中，似乎存在完全不同的权力结构类型（如神权主义的，帝国主义的，资本主义的……）。

By analyzing the three modern female images of Eustacia, Carrie and Gudrun in three different period, and interpretating intentions of the three male writes who create them, this study tries to discuss the relationship between female" s desire and male"s crisis in the Capitalist consumption society.

探讨重点为：男性作家笔下以及历史上的女性附属物形象，运用女性主义理论对此作出分析，女性欲望的觉醒对资本主义、消费主义产生的影响，城市文明中女性对男性权力的反作用力以及由此产生的压力，进而触及男性的生存危机，以及女性作为客体的命运。

American constitutional lawsuit pokey has reflected the notion of check and balance of power and has realized a dynamic check and balance of power through the practice of judicial activism or judicial restraint in the process of constitutional lawsuit in American courts.especially the Supreme Court.

美国的宪法诉讼制度实现了权力制衡的宪政理念，并通过法院尤其是联邦最高法院在宪法诉讼过程中采取司法能动主义或司法节制的立场实现了权力的动态制衡，使宪法诉讼成为权力制衡的一种有效和有力的手段。

"Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education.

"知识被人们看作一种权力或特权而受到憎恶，"历史学家Richard Hofstadter教授在他的《美国社会中的反知识主义》一书中写道。这本书获得了普利策奖，是关于美国政治、宗教和教育中的反知识主义的根源。

It is firstly pointed out why traditional epistemology cannot accept the concept of power, so we must shift the view of knowledge and turn from representationism to know-how. Thus, essential correlations between knowledge and power will be set up. In the last part, several difficulties caused by the shift, such as the problems of rationality and relativism, are presented.

文章首先考察了传统的知识论为什么无法容纳权力概念，接着指出从表象主义的知识观向能知的知识观的转变的必要性以及此种知识概念与权力的内在相关性，文章最后讨论了这种转变带来的合理性和相对主义等问题。

The main points are that the basis and core of the citizenism is that the citizens should own the rights,the rights of the citizens are over all,it is if the country provides the people"s rights to identify the democratic and tyrannical country. The second aspect is on Chen Duxiu"s thoughts on freedom,equality and ethics,Chen Duxiu thought that if the republic system was strengthened politically,it must be dealt with from the enlightenment of the thoughts . Chen Duxiu thought that the important area of the enlightenment was the ethics area.

第一方面内容为惟民主义，主要论述了如下观点：&主权在民&是惟民主义的基石和核心，是惟民主义的立论基础；&民权高于一切&是对民权的最高肯定；界定民主和专制国家的基本标准是看它是否保障人民权力，共谋群众幸福；提出了如何实现资产阶级民主共和国的方案和实行民主政治的一些基本原则；对中国古代的民本主义思想和西方资产阶级民主思想作了比较。

In this controversy, the faction of autarchy went to the opposite of the standpoint of liberalism and expressed their adoration to the authoritarianism. This was because they did not finish the mission of the enlightenment and did not overstep traditional culture. For the faction of democracy, they stuck to the position of the liberalism but lapsed from the principle of the value of the liberalism to some extent. This was mainly because they were wildered between instrumental rationality and value rationality of the liberalism and had defects at value rationality. And for the third faction, the faction of Revised Democratic Politics, they tried to seek balance of power and liberty, but finally, they leaned to the power and the liberty would probably dissolve. This was because they had excessive confidence in nous construction and earnestly hoped that we had a powerful and prosperous country.

在论战中独裁派完全走向了自由主义价值立场的对立面，表现出对权威主义的崇拜，这主要是基于独裁论者未完成启蒙的历史使命和对传统的超越；民治派虽然坚持自由主义的立场，但他们在一定程度上背离了自由主义的价值原则，这主要是基于民治派迷失于自由主义的工具理性与价值理性之间，在价值理性上有阙失；第三派，即&修正的民主政治&派，试图在权力与自由之间求得平衡，但最终还是偏向于权力，自由有消解的危险，这主要是基于该派对于理性建构的过度自信和对国家强盛的热切。

I'm strongly against the death penalty — it's an eye for an eye.

我不赞成死刑——这是以牙还牙的报复行为。

And to get you the support you need, we're enlisting all elements of our national power: our diplomacy and development, our economic might and our moral suasion, so that you and the rest of our military do not bear the burden of our security alone.

并给你们所须的支援，我们正徵召国家所有各种的力量：我们的外交及发展，我们的经济力量与道德劝说，所以你们与其他军人不须要孤独地负起国家安全的责任。