方言地

Then there is the Sahidic dialect that became, from the earliest times, a neutral dialect used throughout Egypt and eventually gained literary dominance with the extensive writings of St. Shenouda the Archimandrite.

然后，沙希地方言从最早期开始就成为了贯穿整个埃及都使用的一种中立性质的方言，在修道院长圣施诺达的广泛影响下，最终取得了文字上的支配地位。

The songs of Chinese bulbul showed smaller dialect systems among the 3 different environment noise habitats. The smaller dialect systems might be resulted from fragmented habitats. For transmitting messages successfully, Chinese bulbul contending with masking of anthropogenic noise by the higher minimum frequency, the lower maximum frequency, and the narrower band in the urban area.

白头翁歌曲在台中市三个不同程度噪音干扰的栖地环境间，呈现小规模的方言系统，可能与都会破碎化的栖地类型有关；在都会环境人为的低频噪音影响下，为了抗衡噪音遮蔽干扰，白头翁歌曲的最低音频升高、最高音频降低、频宽缩窄，以有效传达声音讯息。

Since the object of my attention is the illustrious vernacular, which is the noblest of all, and since I have determined what are the subjects worthy of that vernacular - the three noblest subjects, as explained above - and have reserved for them the form of the canzone, as being the greatest of all forms, and since, in order to teach the use of that form more thoroughly, I have dealt above with some aspects of it, namely its style and its metre, let us now turn to the matter of construction.

由于我关注的对象是高贵的方言，是所有方言中最高贵的，而且我已经为那方言找到了与它匹配的主题——就是我们上面已经解释过的那三种最高贵的主题——为它们专门安排了歌曲这一所有形式中最好的，而且，为了更全面透彻地教授如何使用那一形式，我还在上面分析了它的某些方面的特性，即它的文体和格律，现在让我们转向结构问题。

Now that I have, not without difficulty, elucidated some tricky problems - who and what is worthy of the aulic vernacular, as well as which form I consider worthy of such honour as, alone, to be suited for the vernacular at its highest - I wish, before moving on to other matters, to enquire thoroughly into the canzone form, which many clearly employ more at random than according to the rules; and since, so far, all this has been taken for granted, I will now throw open the workshop of that art (leaving the forms of ballata and sonnet aside for the moment, since I plan to explain them in the fourth book of the present work, which will deal with the middle level of the vernacular).

上面我不无艰难地阐释了一些棘手的问题——谁和什么东西能够与高贵的方言相配，以及是什么构成了我认为能与最高贵的方言相配并享有这一荣誉的事物——我希望在转而讨论其他问题之前，对歌曲这一形式进行彻底探究，很多歌曲明显是随意创作而非根据特定的规则；因此，到目前为止，所有这些都被想当然地认可了，我将打开这一技艺工匠铺（暂时不考虑民谣和十四行诗，因为我将在本书的第四章再做解释，第四章将探讨中等的方言）。

In these portion,the article begins the study of tone sandhi from the point view of two-character phrases and three-character phrases,which is also the focus and difficult point as well.On the basis of substantial materials of Dingzhou dialect,the author elaborates its rules and principles of tone sandhi of the general phrases and those with light tones,and reiterative location.the author puts his views as follows: 1.The rules of tone sandhi of two- character phrase are simple and unitive. 2.The complex of the phrase with light tones lies in the combination of the first tone and light tone.In the case,there are two different pronunciations in Dingzhou dialect.The author guesses it is the coexist of ancient pronunciations and common spoken Chinese. 3.The tone sandhi of general three-character phrases on the basis of the rules of that of two- character phrases,using the grammar structure of the three-character phrases as the restricted conduction,which function jointly. 4.The rules of tone sandhi of three- character phrases with light tones are restricted only by that of the two- character phrases with light tones and thus are foreign to grammar structure. 5.The tone sandhi of the words with reiterative location has their own system.

这两章中，作者采用直接调查法，社会语言学方法分别从一般字组、含轻声字组和叠音词字组三个方面对定州方言连读变调进行详尽地描写，文章中既有对连读变调的共时性描写，也有对连读变调历时性推测，总的来讲笔者认为定州方言变调具有一定的系统性，主要表现在以下几个方面：两字组连读变调规律简单统一，含轻声字两字组内部规律较为复杂，但是具有很强的一致性；定州方言含轻声两字组变调的复杂性主要表现在阴平+轻声的组合中，在这种情况下，定州方言有两种读音方式，推测它是语音存古现象和普通话语音并存的结果；一般三字组连读变调以两字组连读变调规律为基础，以三字组的语法结构为制约条件，二者共同发生作用；轻声三字组变调规律只受轻声两字组变调规律的制约，与语法结构无关；叠音词的变调规律自成系统。

This article tries to employ the angles of historical amparalive method ,stalistical method,drawing method,and the analytical method of sense of a word and so on ,and adopt the theories from means. dialectology,cultural anthropology and sociaology,etc.

本文试图从历史比较法、统计法、图表法、词义分析法等多个角度，采用语言学、方言学、文化人类学、社会学等理论，多视角地对罗布方言词汇进行了比较深入的探讨。

Chao Shanren's dialect which normally would be one thing to the false nature of the use of a shadow-related words to express such a way a word actually is "shadowless" a,"shadowless" a phrase which in the Chaozhou-Shantou Dialect The role played by both "false" and also a "true" means of expression.

潮汕人的土语当中，通常地都会将一件事情的虚假性使用上一个与影子有关的词语来表达，这么地一个词语其实也就是"无影个"，"无影"一语在潮汕方言当中所起到的作用既是"假的"，也同时是"不真实的"的意思的表达方式。

Eventually most of these dialects fell into disuse as the uniform Sahidic became the more dominant again.

正如沙希地语成为了更有统治地位的方言一样，大多数的这些方言也陷入了废弃中。

Many kinds of dialect gazettes have been published, such as the gazettes of Jinan, Qufu and Linqing, but so far no one has published any extensive report or monograph on Shanghe dialect.

全面深入地调查商河方言，对商河方言进行系统的描写和分析，不仅能为今后研究鲁西北方言提供参考，而且对于全面了解山东方言以及冀鲁官话的发展变化都有重要意义。

The Shangluo dialects are very complicated because of immigration. The local dialects belong to the north dialects, while the guest dialects belong to the south dialects. The local dialects develop faster than the guest dialects, the latter are relatively conventional. In fact their differences of phonetics structure at synchronic planes just reflect each phase of Chinese dialects at historical planes. The third chapter studies the phonological structure and historical changes from intiai consonant simple or compound vowel of a Chinese syllable and tone on the base of the synchronic planes, consulting QieYun and ZhongYuan phonology.

商洛方言由于移民原因具有复综性的特点，本地话属北方方言，客户话属南方语系，相比之下本地话发展较快与北方官话基本一致，而客户话就显得保守一些存古的东西更多，共时平面的差异实际上反映了汉语方言历时层面的不同阶段，第三章基于商洛方言共时平面的特点，参照《切韵》和《中原音韵》，从声母、韵母、声调三个方面研究了商洛方言的音韵结构和历史演变，并对汉语史的某些语音现象做了相应地解释。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。