教学大纲

A syllabus is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.

阿教学大纲是一个权威的官方文件，决定的内容和原则的教学和学习。

The syllabus authoritatively decides what to teach and what principles guide the teaching and learning.

权威性决定的教学大纲什么教什么的原则指导教学和学习。

When new syllabi and textbooks come out following a new approach to language teaching, teachers have to be retrained in order to bring the new ideas into practice in the classroom.

当新的教学大纲和教材出来后，新的办法来的语文教学，教师必须接受再培训，以便使新的想法付诸实践，在课堂。

Higher vocational education ; teaching of English ; teaching outline ; analysis of demand ; individualization

高等职业教育；英语教学；教学大纲；需求分析；个性化

Through the analysis and investigation on the present teaching program of the representative 26 universities found at present aerobics major course of specialty of physical educationhave many insufficiency: target oretation is imperfect, neglect skill cultivatement; the curriculum content is irregular, insufficiently attention on the physique and the dancer training and the medical care and the movement damage; The development of functional exercises is current tendency, but has the certain difficulty, the main reason is the equipment is insufficient, generally the investment of aerobics major course is insufficient;Curriculum study is difference, the skill study is few, cannot satisfy the demand to cultivate specialist; The teaching appraisal system is not science, mainly take the end test as the major targets or quotas, pay more attention to technical inspection, neglect its synthesis influence to the students' physical and psychological quality, cann't utilize self-comment, the other comments, mutually comments.

通过对具有代表性的26所高校的现行教学大纲的资料分析、调查发现，目前体育育专业健美操课程存在的不足主要体现在：课程目标定位不完善，忽视技能培养；课程内容参差不齐，不够重视形体与舞姿训练、卫生保健与运动损伤知识；拓展功能健身操是当前的一大发展趋势，但是存在一定的困难，主要原因是场地器材不足，普遍存在着对健美操课程的投资力度不够的现象；课程的学时比例差异大，技能学时偏少，不能满足培养人才的需求；教学评价体系不够科学，主要以终结性考试为主要指标，忽视评价诊断特性和过程性，没有将自评、他评、互评综合运用。

The investigation and study result indicated that, elementaryand middle school students which while the height, the body weight,the chest measurement equiform condition growth unceasingly enhance,the physical ability quality assumes the drop tendency, endurance, thestrength, the pliable but hard to break quality in 1995 further dropsin the foundation which 1985 dropped, this had no alternative but toarouse our interest. In 2000 newly promulgates "Sports And Healthy Program of instruction"the track and field, gymnastics, the martial arts took the sportsteaching the important content, the class hour respectively achievesthe elementary school total class hour 60%, middle school total classhour 50%. In 2002 the Ministry of Education, the national sportsbureau rehas promulgated "Student Physique Healthy Standard", These measures all are for implement the Central Committee of the CCPState Council "Reforms Comprehensive Advancement Education forall-around development about Deepened Education Decision" the spirit,but makes the reform, with "the health first, promotes youth"s healthyin mind and body full scale development the guiding ideology, theeducation idea, carefully examines the question which in the presentelementary and middle schools sports education exists.

调研结果表明，中小学生在身高、体重、胸围等形态发育不断提高的同时，体能素质呈下降趋势，其中耐力、力量、柔韧素质1995年在1985年下降的基础上又进一步下降，这不能不引起我们的关注。2000年新颁布的《体育与健康教学大纲》把田径、体操、武术作为中小学体育教学的重要内容，课时分别达到小学总课时的60%，中学总课时的50%。2002年教育部、国家体育总局又重新颁布了《学生体质健康标准》，这些措施都是为了贯彻中共中央国务院《关于深化教育改革全面推进素质教育的决定》的精神，而做出的改革，用&健康第一，促进少年儿童的身心健康全面发展&的指导思想、教育理念，来审视目前中小学体育教育中存在的问题。

The thesis tries to clarify the significance in the teaching of science and technology history by probing the changes of syllabuses or curriculums in history teaching, contents of history textbooks for high school and some problems in the course of teaching and studying.

本文试图从历史上的中学历史教学大纲内容变化、教材内容编写上的变化以及在教学过程中产生的一系列问题等几个方面对中学科技史教学及其意义进行细致地探讨。

Those days of swivel-eyed theorising and untrammelled experimentation-or, as the schools inspectorate put it at the time,"markedly individual decisions about what is to be taught"-ended in 1988 with the introduction of a national curriculum.

那些年，偏颇的理论及随心所欲的教学试验，或按学校督察当年的说法，那些&明显带着个人意志的教学选择&，终于随着88年&国家统一教学大纲&的出炉而结束。

Based on it and the practice analysis, in order to push the course teaching and evaluating more effective and achieve the teaching goals, we summarize the teaching practices and rerevising the Music Teaching Guidelines and Course Plans of Rizhao Vocational and Technical College.

在此基础上，笔者通过实践分析，总结教学经验，重新修订了日照职业技术学院音乐教学大纲课程规划，使课程实施和评价更为有效，进而实现教学目标。

This text will combine the psychological characteristics about the middle school student in psychology, according to the Chinese syllabus of middle school, on the basis of explaining content of courses of expository writing in an all-round way, discuss especially how to overcome the psychological obstacle that students think the expository writing stiff, uninteresting, arouse students enthusiasm to study expository writing, several kinds of methods to improve teaching result of the expository writing.

本文将依据中学语文教学大纲，结合心理学中关于中学生的心理特征，在全面阐述说明文教学内容的基础上，重点探讨如何让学生克服学习说明文呆板、枯燥的心理障碍，调动学生学习说明文的热情，提高说明文的教学效果的几种方法。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。