信念

The word 'true' also operates as a truth-functional connective, as in 'It is true that Antarctica is not wholly within the Antarctic Circle': its truth table is like that of negation with the truth values reversed.

当我们说一个话语或信念是真的，我们就是在断定该话语与信念的真值，因此，在我看来把"真"当作一个属性并没有坏处——一些信念与话语有而另一些则无。

In proposing this notion Wittgenstein was explicitly challenging the conventional epistemological wisdom that a belief is only legitimately held if it is sufficiently evidentially grounded (otherwise it is open to legitimate doubt), and that no belief in an empirical proposition is beyond coherent doubt should the grounds for that belief be found wanting.

Wittgenstein在这个建议里，显然挑战了习惯的知道洞见：一个信念只有在充分证据基础上才能持有；'没有经验信念超出融贯怀疑'这应该是信念被发现不足的基础。

Perfect wisdom has four parts:wisdom,the principle of doing things aright;justice,the principle of doing things equally in public and private;fortitude,the principle of not flying ganger,but meeting it;and temperance,the principle of subduing desires and living moderately.

完美的智慧包括四部分：智慧---把事情做得正确的信念；公正---公开和私下办事平等的信念；刚毅---承担而不逃避危险的信念；节制---抑制欲望且生活适度的信念。

The irreducibility of beliefs of that type to beliefs of a completely different type would suggest that without some beliefs of our own of that type, we could make no sense of others having beliefs of that same type.

这类信念的不可还原，会暗示如果没有这些信念我们就不会弄清楚其他同类型信念

Lief between real people and doll had no significant difference.

考察了72名3～5岁儿童在三个改造过的经典错误信念任务中的表现，结果显示，大部分4岁儿童能够正确认识自我错误信念；大部分5岁儿童能够正确认识他人错误信念；大部分3～4岁儿童的自我错误信念认识显著好于他人错误信念认识，5岁时这两种认识才没有显著差异；学前儿童对真人与玩偶错误信念的认识没有显著差异；学前儿童对"意外地点"任务和"意外内容"任务中错误信念问题回答的一致性较高，而对"外表—真实"任务的回答与前两种任务的一致性较低。

Even the suggestion that that is at least a possibility could be dismissed as unthreatening. If our holding the belief to be true is a condition of our even finding that belief to be held by people, the possibility of its being held and being false is one we cannot take seriously as a threat to our current beliefs.

如果我们持有的信念的真，是我们发现信念被他人持有这个事实的必要条件，那么这个信念错的可能性就不能对我们现有的信念构成威胁。

The computational model that defined the weight of self/other belief by the signal intensity in precuneus was able to predict subject's behavioral delay in the mental inference task.

以上实验结果表明，大脑存在一种独特的与理解他人信念相关的认知神经机制，其主要作用是，通过视角转换抑制基于自我视角获得的信念，这种机制在自我信念和他人信念冲突的条件下，对于正确理解他人信念起决定性作用。

In particular, it is unknown how the relevant neural substrates function as a network to mediate perspective-taking during the task requiring understanding other's belief. The current work first developed a new psychological paradigm that excludes potential confounds such as the processing of language, biological motion, episodic memory and causal coherence in the paradigms used in previous studies. I recorded neural activities associated with mental inference task using functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography in order to investigate the functional roles of several brain areas (i.e. precuneus, MPFC, etc.) that engage in understanding other's belief. I also proposed a computational model based on the neuroimaging results that simulated the neurocognitive mechanism underlying cortical dynamics in correct judgment of other's belief.

本文首先发展了一个新的心理学实验范式，排除以往常用&错误信念&范式中与语言加工、生物运动、情景记忆及事件连续性和因果性等方面的混淆，采用功能磁共振成像（functional magnetic resonance imaging， fMRI）和脑电（Electroencephalography， EEG）时频分析等脑成像技术，记录与理解他人信念任务相关的神经活动，通过对行为和脑成像数据的分析，研究楔前叶和内侧前额叶等脑区在理解他人信念任务中的功能意义，并根据脑成像结果，提出一个基于自我和他人视角竞争的计算模型，模拟大脑在理解他人信念时做出正确决策时的认知神经机制。

So long as I believe that I have a system of beliefs, I cannot reconfigure it so that it lacks a crucial belief challenged by the Cartesian skeptic—the transcendentally invulnerable belief that there is an independent world of enduring physical objects.

只要我相信我拥有一个信念系统，我就不能重构我的信念系统，以致其缺少被笛卡儿式怀疑论者所挑战的，但至关重要的信念，即the transcendentally invulnerable的关于独立世界的信念。

In our SOBER System, the Positive Messages Process is the consolidation process after you review your past event, relationship and beliefs during hypnosis. You gain new understanding after the review and you make your new understanding concrete through verbalizing them out. These concrete positive messages become your new beliefs. We can't just delete our old beliefs by not believing in something, but we can only replace the old beliefs with new ones. You believe in something else instead!

在我们SOBER系统下，受者在催眠状态期间，发现正面讯息的过程，是在您协助他回顾他的过去事件、关系和信念之后的一个内心整合过程，他在回顾之后，对事情获取了新的理解，并且通过描述出来，他的理解得以具体化，这些具体正面的讯息，成为了他新的信念；我们不能通过不再相信某事，来直接删除我们的旧信念，但是我们却能用新的信念，取代原有的信念！

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。