查询词典 consideration

There are many rules about consideration, among which the following may be most frequently mentioned: Past consideration is no consideration; Consideration is provided by the promisee, though not necessarily to the promisor; The adequacy and sufficiency of consideration.

这些规则又包含着许多例外规则。原因是大陆法系契约法中的术语。在法国，原因包含着两层意思：一是当事人订立合同的理由，即近因；二是当事人订立合同所希望达到的最终目的，即远因。

Ordinarily, therefore, courts do not inquire into the adequacy of consideration This is particularly so when one or both of the values exchanged are uncertain or difficult to measure But it is also applied even when it is clear that the transaction is a mixture of bargain and gift See Comment c to 71 Gross inadequacy of consideration may be relevant to issues of capacity, fraud and the like, but the requirement of consideration is not a safeguard against imprudent and improvident contracts except in cases where it appears that there is no bargain in fact

通常，法院因此而并不探究约因的充分性。在一方双方交换的价值不确定或者难以计算时尤为如此。但这即使在交易很明显是协商和赠与的混合的情况下也是适用的。参见第71条的评论c。约因的重大不充分可能与能力、诈欺和相似性问题相关，但是，除非在事实上没有协商的案例中，约因的要件并非针对轻率的、无远见的契约的安全保障措施。

This paper researched the reason and rationality of consideration payment. It was believed that the issue of circulated stock shares at high premium and the future risk after the reform is the main reason that uncirculated stock shareholders pay the premium to the circulated stock shareholders, and the reasonable level of consideration should be the equilibrium consideration induced from the arbitrage theory.

本文研究了对价补偿的原因和合理性，认为历史上流通股的高溢价发行及股改后全流通的未来风险是非流通股股东向流通股股东支付对价的主要原因；并认为合理对价水平应该是由套利理论推导出的均衡对价。

As for the management process, this dissertation integrates mega-events in urban development by combining them with urban management. From the perspective of time, it takes into consideration both the facts that a mega-event is once for all and that a mega-event is a process; from the perspective of development, it takes into consideration both the input influences and the output results of mega-events; from the perspective of systemic development, it takes into consideration both the operationof mega-events and the interactive influence between mega-events and the environment.

在管理过程上，本文将特大活动有机地融入了城市发展，有机地结合了城市管理，从时间发展的角度，既考虑了特大活动的一次性，又考虑了特大活动的过程性；从活动发展的角度，既考虑了特大活动的输入影响，又考虑了特大活动的输出结果；从系统发展的角度，既考虑了特大活动的事件运作，又考虑了特大活动与环境的互动影响。

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

The strategy that Taiwan merchants value most is obtaining lower cost. Apart from that they have to think of their own manufacturing characteristics, taking otherfactors into their consideration, so as to show various development trends. The cither factors involved are:The fields where investment is concentrated are moving northward. So they should take market ranking positions and electricity providing, etc. into consideration; Taiwan investment of electronic and appliances manufacturing industry consider comprehensively of upper and lower enterprises, high efficiency and fine services of local government.

台商决策投资主要从考虑降低成本方面考虑，即选择劳动力和土地成本较低的地区进行投资，但除了考虑降低成本的因素以外，台商企业还根据自身产业的特点，综合考虑其他因素的影响：台商投资地区呈现北移的趋势，综合考虑内销市场合理占位、电力能源供应等方面的因素；台商电子电器制造业投资，综合考虑配合上下游企业、当地政府工作效率和服务水平等方面的因素；台商投资形态逐渐向大陆内销发展，综合考虑合理的市场布局，即选择良好的内销市场占位；台商企业投资建设研发中心，综合考虑研究机构成果和高级技术人才方面的因素，即利用当地高级人才；台商服务行业企业投资，综合考虑自身服务市场的走向，跟随服务对象的投资而决策投资。

In this thesis, there are 3 unprecedented distributions: first, we propose the innovative concept by using the disutility characteristic of virus; second, we breakthrough the restriction that only taking the single parameter into consideration, and we take the total system viewpoints into consideration to discuss its characteristics; third, instead of quantification, experimentation, and sub-data collection, we do the research through the interview and the field work.

综观国内外商学院论文，尚无类似论述，其突破性贡献有三：其一，本研究提出以病毒负效用的特性作为创新的论述，至今无人提出，虽可议却也空前；其二，本研究突破过去讨论病毒相关议题仅考量单项变数的限制，以全面性的系统观点探讨其特性；其三，此类议题的相关论文处理方式多半以量化、实作亦或次级资料整理为主，本研究则进行深入访谈的田野调查。

The Exchequer Chamber, in 1875, defined consideration as follows:"A valuable consideration in the sense of the law may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other."

被告认为其在招标说明中所述的"招标单位将考虑投标者在开标之前一小时所发出的调整标价的电报"是为招标单位的利益而做出的，即招标单位对此有选择权，可以选择接受或者放弃。

Further, as the quantity of consideration influences all investors benefit, therefore non-tradable share reform is also a game that all stakeholders take part in, including non-floating stock holders, floating stock holders, SAC and so on, as a result, non-tradable share reform will benefit from a fair and reasonable ideas of consideration greatly.

由于对价的高低直接关系到流通股股东、非流通股股东、国资委等各方的利益，所以股改又是一场多方利益的博弈，本文运用博弈论的方法分析了现有股改各方利益的博弈中存在的非理性现象，进而提出了一些建立公平博弈外部环境的合理建议。

In order to solve the non-tradable share problems of turning non-floating stock into floating stock, it would happen that non-floating stock holders must pay consideration to floating stock holders for gaining circulation rights. From this perspective, the consideration is the core of the non-tradable share reform.

解决股权分置问题，让非流通股股东获得流通权，会在不同程度上损害流通股股东的利益，因此非流通股股东必须为获取流通权向流通股股东支付对价，从这个角度来说，对价是股权分置改革的核心。

Fostering the concept of multi-culture firmly and mastering the development of advanced culture correctly are conductive to resisting terrorism, separatism of nationalities and ultraism of religion, which is of great academic theoretical, immediate and profound historical si...

牢固树立多元文化的理念和正确把握先进文化的发展方向，有助于在世界范围内自觉地抵制恐怖主义，民族分裂主义和宗教极端主义。不仅具有重大的学术理论意义，而且也具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。

But if anyone walks in the night, he stumbles, because the light is not in him.

11：10 若在黑夜行走，就必碰跌，因为那光不在他里面。