转变

teachers'changes in their teaching ideas have to pass through 3 related stages such as the changes in cognitional, convictional and practical forms.

教师的教学观念转变需要经过认知形态的教学观念转变、信念形态的教学观念转变和实践形态的教学观念转变等三个相互联系的阶段。

To meet the requirement of new period,the traditional role of facuty have to transform from the developer of brains to the culturist for students all ability;from the peddler of knowledge to the culturist of students creative;from the duplicator of talent to the teacher who teach students in accordance of their aptitude;from the culturist of professional to the culturist of generalist.

为此，大学教师的角色转换势在必行。基于时代背景和借鉴其他学者的教师角色理论，笔者认为我国的大学教师应由智力的开发者转变为全面发展人才的培养者；由知识的传递者转变为学生创新能力的培养者；由人才的塑造者转变为因材施教者；由专才培养者转变为通才培养者。

Firstly, urban space's development course and actuality of space's patterns are reviewed contrastly in the paper abroad and home. Then, existing problems of urban space at present in our country are discussed stressly:"Ten Faulty Expressions in Writing" of urban construction;"the Movement of Beautifying City" in china; the problem of urban characteristic; the problem of reforming of old city; the problem of residential segregation. The above problems' formed reasons and countermeasures are put forward. Then, the example of Xi'an and its existing problems of urban space and several countermeasures are analyzed in the paper. The transformation of three sections realized in the planning thought of urban space is put forward: from "elitism" to "plebeianism"; from mega-urban project design to "daily living space" and from "technology first" to "human-oriented".

论文首先从中西方城市空间形态的演变历程入手，对比分析了国内外的空间形态现状，重点论述了当前我国存在的城市空间问题：城市建设"十大败笔"；中国"城市美化"运动；城市特色问题；旧城改造问题以及空间分异问题，分析了其形成原因并得出了解决途径，然后对西安进行了实例分析，总结出其城市空间存在问题并提出几点对策，接下来提出了城市空间规划理念应实现的三个方向的转变：从"精英主义"向"平民主义"理念转变、从大尺度城市设计向"日常生活空间"营造转变以及从"技术至上"向"以人为本"理念转变。

On the other hand, beautiful thoughts of all kinds crystallize into habits of grace and kindliness, which solidify into genial and sunny circumstances; thoughts of courage, self-reliance, and decision crystallize into manly habits, which solidify into circumstances of success, plenty, and freedom; gentle and forgiving thoughts crystallize into habits of gentleness, which solidify into protective and preservative circumstances; loving and unselfish thoughts crystallize into habits of self-forgetfulness for others, which solidify into circumstances of sure and abiding prosperity and true riches.

截然相反的是，各种美好的思想会转变成坚强的习惯，它们会促成充满欢乐的环境；勇敢，自信与果断的思想会转变成坚强的习惯，它们会巩固充满成功，富足与自由的环境；文雅，宽大的思想会转变成温和的习惯，它们能进一步推进安全的，有保障的环境；充满爱心的，慷慨的思想转变成无私的习惯，它们会形成稳定，繁荣，真正富足的环境。——摘自《痛苦是错误思想的结果》詹姆斯。艾伦

In the background, some changes happened in the psychological research about which from the abstract research to the realistic, from the static research to the developmentary, from the close research to the opening, from the isolated research to the whole.

与此相应，当代心理学研究也有了新的发展：从&主体心理学&转变为&存在心理学&；从&独白的心理学&转变为&对话的心理学&；从&本质论的心理学&转变为&建构论的心理学&。心理学研究从抽象研究转变为现实研究；变静止研究为动态研究；变封闭研究为开放研究；变单向度研究为整体研究。

By dilatometric change and microscopic test, the critical point at Ac1、Ar1、Ac3 and Ar3 of ML40Cr steel was detemined in Gleeble-3800 the thermal-mechanical simulator. The continuous cooling transformation diagram of ML40Cr steel was obtained by measuring the expanding curves of different cooling rates. The mechanical property and transformation of austenite were analyzed. The proper range of control cooling rate about ML40Cr cold heading steel was found. All those provide the reference for productive practice to develop cold heading steel.

在Gleeble-380热模拟试验机上采用热膨胀法－金相法测定了ML40Cr钢的临界点Ac1、Ar1、Ac3、Ar3，同时测定了在不同冷却速度下过冷奥氏体连续冷却时的膨胀曲线，获得了该钢的连续冷却转变曲线；研究了ML40Cr连续转变冷却过程中奥氏体转变过程和转变产物的组织和性能，初步确定了ML40Cr盘条的控制冷却范围，为冷镦钢ML40Cr盘条的开发提供了参考依据。

To the writer point of view, legal science is an opening subject where no stable answer could be given to lots of problems. And also because of my limited knowledge, instead of completely reconstruct after overthrow, I just laid out some suggestions, that is, we should transform our research method from practical to philosophical, from simply study within Jurisprudence area to trans-subject study, from remedy methodology to reconstruction methodology, from single visual to mulplism visual, from class research method to revolutional research method.

因为笔者认为法理学本身是个开放性的学科，很多问题并没有固定的结论，又因为笔者的才疏学浅，所以笔者并没有能力在&颠覆&之后重新&建构&，而只能就前文的分析和论证提出几点建议：第一，从实证法理学研究向哲理法理学研究的转变；第二，单一学科研究向跨学科研究的转变；第三，修补式的方法论向重构式的方法论转变；第四，一元的研究视角向多元的研究视角转变；第五，阶级性的研究范式向革命性的研究范式的转变。

The new mathematics curriculum yells mathematics teachers change traditional teachers" roles to nowadays teachers" roles. By analyzing the abuse of the traditional teachers roles and the requests about mathematics teachers which the new mathematics curriculum puts forward, we discover that from the lay of curriculum , mathematics teachers should actualize three facets changes as follows:from the single initiators of mathematics knowledge to the promoters of mathematics diathesis;(2)from the loyal executors of mathematics textbook to the devisers of mathematics instruction;(3)from the indoctrinators of mathematics knowledge to the organizers, guiders and participators of mathematics activity .

数学新课程呼唤数学教师由传统的教师角色向现代教师角色转变，通过分析传统数学教师角色的弊端及新课程对数学教师提出的要求，发现从课堂层面讲，数学教师角色主要要实现以下3方面的转变：(1)由单一的数学知识传授者向数学素质的促进者转变；(2)由教科书的忠实执行者向数学教学的设计者转变；(3)由数学知识的灌输者向数学活动的组织者、引导者和合作者转变。

Therefore, the paper discusses how to resolve it. First, we should change the idea of education and promote the teachers" change from inculcating knowledge to facilitating the development of students. Second, we should improve the teachers" professional development and advance the teachers" change from pure curriculum executants to researcher and constructors. Third, we should emphasize the function of curriculum evaluation to develop education and promote the teachers" change from ultimate and only judge to stimulators of students natural development.

在此基础上，论文最后提出了促进初中语文教师对新课程教师角色适应的建议：转变教育观念，促进教师由知识灌输者向学生发展的促进者转变；提高专业化水平，促进教师由课程单纯的执行者向研究者和建构者转变；重视课程评价的教育发展功能，促进教师由终结性和唯一性裁判者向引导学生自主发展的激励者转变。

Based on the analyses above, the research proposes some suggestions for protecting herdsman's rights and interests and inhibiting grassland degradation. They are:(1) Building the system of grassland resources dynamic monitoring;(2) Promoting the transformation: the congnition of herdman on grassland degradation to action; and peasant household as the basic production unit to the unit of production +ecological construction;(3) Perfecting the Household Contract System, promoting the use right transfer, exploring the new mechanism of grassland utilization;(4) Changing the guiding ideology of policy and measurement from pursuing the supply of products to muliti-function of grassland;(5) Promoting the development of organic animal husbandry.

以这些分析结果与观点为基础，本研究提出一些有助于保护牧民利益、抑制草地退化的政策与建议：(1)建立草地资源动态监测体系；(2)促进两个转变：牧民对草地退化影响的认知向行为转化、牧户作为单纯的生产单位向生产与生态保护单位相统一转变；(3)在稳定、完善草场承包制度的基础上，以草地使用权流转为切入点，探索草地资源利用新机制；(4)政策与措施的指导思想要由单纯追求畜产品的供给向发挥草地生态系统多功能性转变；(5)将有机畜牧业可以作为转变生产方式的一个选择进行试点与发展

On closer examination, though, this is not a vote for multilateralism but just the opposite.

仔细审视后我们发现，这并非是对多边主义投出的赞成票，而是恰好相反。

Uncovering their weak spots, so I can defeat them.

揭露出他们的弱点，这样我就可以打败他们了。