负荷

For the principal component, namely the voltage stability analysis function, three kinds of nodal injection power modes are defined, i.e., the random varying direction of load, the response setting direction of generator and the ratio of active power component to reactive power component in load power, and a continuous power flow model that is easy to utilize and comprehend by dispatching center is built, based on this model three kinds of formulae to calculate the sensitivities of loading margin with respect to three kinds of nodal injection power modes are derived respectively, and on this basis the influence of nodal injection power mode on loading margin can be analyzed in order that the voltage collapse can be avoided by fast implementing early warning of voltage stability and adopting effective corrective control.

文章针对N-EMS的主要组成部分--电压稳定分析功能，定义了3类节点注入功率模式：负荷的随机变化方向、发电机的响应设定方向、负荷的有功和无功比例，建立了易于被调度中心运用和理解的连续潮流模型，在此模型基础上分别推导得到负荷裕度对3类模式的灵敏度公式，据此分析节点注入功率模式对负荷裕度的影响，以便能够快速进行电压稳定预警和采取有效的校正控制来避免电压崩溃。

The model included speed control, load control, valve management, valves test, RUNBACK, overspeed protection, LDA, CIV, ETS, RSM, MEH, gland seal system etc, discussed the strategy of valve management, RSM, control loop smooth switching with emphasis.

模型包括了转速控制、负荷控制、阀门管理、阀门试验、RUNBACK、超速保护、甩负荷预测、中压调门快关-快开、紧急跳闸保护、转子热应力控制、MEH控制和轴封控制等功能，重点讨论了阀门管理策略、负荷控制回路无扰切换策略和转子热应力控制策略，对实际系统尚未投入使用的甩负荷预测和中压调门快关-快开功能也进行了建模仿真。

This theory differentiates between three types of cognitive load: intrinsic cognitive load , germane cognitive load , and extraneous cognitive load

它区分了三种不同的认知负荷：内部的认知负荷、相关的认知负荷以及外部的认知负荷。

Through researching the mechanism of biological nitrification and denitrification and actual project application of the technology and related literature materials, the obtained results are as follows:(1) Anoxybiosis is effective to the removal of COD; after the anoxic process, BOD/COD of the outflow increases, it shows that the degradation ability of wastewater is improved; anoxybiosis is insensitive when shock loading of inflow wastewater varies greatly;(2) It is demonstrated by the operation of inoculation and cultivating that biofilm takes two weeks to succeed in cultivating on packings and the removal ratios of NH3-N and COD get 50% and 70% respectively, when gas-water ratio is 6:1, HRT is 7.3 hour, water temperature is above 15°C;(3) It is demonstrated that gas-water ratio, hydraulic loading, HRT, temperature, pH etc are important factors which influence the removal effect of pollutants, when the gas-water ratio is 6:1, hydraulic loading is about 0.38kgNH3-N/m~3.d, water temperature ranges from 15°C to 27°C, pH ranges from 7.5 to 8.0, the BIOFOR removal effect of pollutants is the best;(4) The operation indicated that, this technology has strong ability of nitrification and denitrification; it has extremely vital significance for reducing the water body eutrophication;(5) It is confirmed the feasibility and the usability of preanoxic-BIOFOR process to treat L-lactic acid production wastewater. The experiment indicated that the treatment effect of this technology is very good and also shows that the technology has many advantages, such as small volume, high treatment efficiency, good effluent quality and strong endurance to load variation, this technology is a new and economical wastewater treatment process.

通过对生物脱氮机理的研究和该组合技术的实际工程应用，并结合有关文献资料，取得如下结论：(1)预缺氧池对L-乳酸生产废水中的COD去除具有一定的效果；废水中难降解的高分子物质经过缺氧工段分解为易于氧化降解的物质，浮状有机物在水解菌的作用下，将不溶性有机物水解为溶解性物质；预缺氧池具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力；(2)BIOFOR接种挂膜过程表明：HRT为7.3h、气水比为6：1、水温保持在15℃以上，经过半个月生物膜即以形成，NH_3-N和COD的去除率分别达到50％和70％左右；(3)研究表明：气水比、水力负荷、HRT、温度、pH等是影响污染物去除效率的重要因素，在气水比为6：1，NH_3-N容积负荷为0.38kgNH_3-N／m~3·d，温度在15℃-27℃，pH在7.5-8.0之间的条件下，BIOFOR对污染物的去除效率达到最佳；(4)运行表明，该组合技术具有较强的脱氮能力，对于减少水体富营养化具有十分重要的意义；(5)经过半年多实际工程的现场调试与运行，验证了利用预缺氧—BIOFOR组合工艺处理L—乳酸生产废水的可行性和实用性，得出该组合技术具有占地面积小，处理效果好，运行费用省，耐冲击负荷能力强等优点，是一项新型、经济的污水处理技术。

The sludge settling characteristic is satisfying with SV varying from 22 to 30 and SVI varying from 58 to 80ml/g.The sludge bulking problem has been avoided successfully. The excess sludge can be thickened to 3%-4 %. The alkalinity remains equilibrious between the nitrification and denitrification in SBR-BAF system. The COD and TP loading of SBR are 2.08kgCOD/kgMLSS·d and 41.68gTP/kgMLSS·d, respectively. The NH4+-N loading of BAF is 1.16kgNH_4~+-N/m~3.d. The total HRT is about 10 hours which is only about half of suspended growth process for simultaneous phosphorous and nitrogen removal. Under the above mentioned high loadings and short HRT, the mean removal efficiency of COD, TP, NH4+-N, TN is 96%, 98%, 93%, and 84%, respectively. The mean effluent concentration of COD, TP, NH4+-N, TN, SS is 20mg/L, 0.23 mg/L, 3.24 mg/L, 7.68 mg/L, 5 mg/L respectively, which means every index can meet the first class of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant.

最后，以上述最佳运行参数控制SBR-BAF系统运行，长期运行结果表明：系统中悬浮污泥的絮凝、沉降性能良好，SV值为22~30，SVI值为58~80，不再有污泥膨胀之虞，而且可以对剩余污泥进行重力浓缩，浓缩后污泥浓度可以达到3~4%；短程硝化和反硝化使得系统可以维持碱度平衡，无需额外补充碱度；系统在高负荷(SBR反应器COD负荷为2.08kgCOD/kgMLSS.d，TP负荷为41.68gTP/kgMLSS.d，BAF反应器NH4+-N负荷为1.16kgNH_4~+-N/m~3.d)、低水力停留时间(SBR反应器9h，BAF反应器1h，总计10h，约为同步脱氮除磷悬浮污泥工艺的一半)下稳定高效运行，对COD(不计BAF加入的外碳源)、TP、NH_4~+-N、TN的平均去除率为96%、98%、93%、84%，出水COD、TP、NH4+-N、TN、SS的平均浓度为20mg/L、0.23 mg/L、3.24 mg/L、7.68 mg/L、5 mg/L，各项水质指标均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002 )一级标准的A标准的要求。

Hence, based on cognitive load theory, cognitive theory of multimedia learning, and existing research results, this dissertation investigated the instruction design for managing extraneous, intrinsic and germane cognitive load, as well as the moderate influences of material character and learners\' individual differences. According to existing and current research results, the author integrated the forementioned two theories and advanced an engender and outcome model of cognitive load in multimedia learning.

因此，本研究以认知负荷理论和多媒体学习的认知理论为理论基础，在已有研究成果基础上，探讨优化控制外在、内在和相关三种认知负荷的教学设计方法，以及学习材料和个体差异在其中所起的调节作用，并根据已有研究成果和本研究的结果对认知负荷理论和多媒体学习的认知理论进行整合与发展，构建了多媒体学习中认知负荷的产生与结果模型。

However, the water quality simulation results by CE-QUAL-W2 model revealed that the hydrologically induced density currents in winter together with the external loads of P were the main cause of the surface water quality deterioration, even though the bottom water carrying abundant P internal loads might be lifted to the middle layer by the water momentum force by the density current.

模拟之底泥溶解总磷负荷和溶解总磷外部负荷相当。然而以CE-QUAL-W2二维水理水质模式模拟结果，翡翠水库年初表水总磷浓度突增主要是受到冬季冷水密度流造成的水体抬升及前一年停留在中层水之磷外部负荷联合贡献结果，相对地磷内部负荷虽可被抬升至中层水处，对表水的贡献有限。

Accurate load forecasting is helpful to planning generators starting and stopping in the interior of the electrical networks economically and reasonably, preserving the security and stability of power system, reducing the unnecessary circumvolving repertory capacity, making planning to overhaul the units in reason, ensuring the normal production and life of the society, effectively reducing the cost of generating ...

本文在探讨了电力系统负荷的组成、特点，并分析比较了常用的预测方法优缺点的基础之上，采用了灰色预测法与线性回归法相结合的方法建立了中长期负荷预测模型，把负荷预测工作分为两部分：即用灰色预测法进行相关因素的预测和用线性回归法进行负荷预测。

Note: Proof load is 2 times the working load limit, breaking load is 6 times the working load limit.

注释：最大验证负荷为2倍工作极限负荷，最小破断负荷为6倍工作极限负荷。

Fault current greater than the breaking load switching capacity, must ensure that fuse load switch can be dissolved up the rear sub-gates; when the fault current is less than the breaking load switching capacity, ensure the sub-gate and fuse load switch does not move.

故障电流大于负荷开关的开断能力时，必须保证熔断器溶断后负荷开关才能分闸；当故障电流小于负荷开关的开断能力时，保证负荷开关分闸而熔断器不动作。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。