负荷

The power load forecast is an important research problem in power field.It has an important application value in ensuring systems working in safe mode and realizing the economy of power and the maximum benefit on this condition.

1引言电力负荷预测就是在考虑一些因素的条件下，利用一套处理过去和未来负荷关系的系统数学方法，在满足一定精确性要求的条件下，确定未来某个时刻的负荷数值。

Grey models of two steps can show the periodic law of load data or the exponential law well, Models of three steps can give consideration to two kinds of characteristics of the load data, Thus these models could consider the nature of the load data in an all-round way.

二阶灰色模型能够较好地表示负荷数据周期性规律或指数性规律，而三阶模型则能够兼顾负荷数据的周期、指数双重特性，从而能够全面地考虑到负荷数据本身的性质。

Through analyzed,the result shows the energy consumption in Magnetherm technology only is 1/3 of those of magnesium in the Pidgeon technology.The greenhouse effect is the major contributor to the pollutants emission.Environmental loading of magnesium with Magnetherm technology is less than that of Pidgeon technology.

通过定量分析，结果表明生产1t金属镁锭，Magnetherm工艺耗能仅为Pidgeon工艺耗能的1/3；热法生产金属镁中温室效应对环境负荷起主要影响；内热法(Magnetherm工艺)对环境的负荷明显低于外热法对环境的负荷。

A standard expected value model for multi-objective multi-stage transmission planning is presented to realize the transmission optimal planning with the control of line overloading risks. In this model, a constraint of overloading risks is built with expected value and standard deviation of random line active power and two objectives are given as expected value of the average power loss and discount value of the investment cost. By modeling uncertain informations with probability theory, the probabilistic DC power flow is adopted for the correlated calculations among random variables in the planning model.4 A novel multi-objective transmission planning approach that considers transmission investment profit is proposed. Requests for transmission investment profit and social welfare are involved in the proposed planning approach.

以方案总投资费用贴现值和平均网损期望值为目标函数，建立多目标多阶段输电网规划的期望值模型，以线路有功潮流过负荷随机变量的期望值和标准差构建过负荷风险约束，考虑了风险发生概率和严重程度两方面的特征，通过对不确定性信息的概率建模，利用概率直流潮流进行各随机变量的相关计算，实现了控制过负荷风险条件下的输电网优化规划。4提出考虑输电投资收益的多目标输电网规划方法，综合考虑市场参与者对输电投资收益和社会总福利的要求加热管及其对输电网规划的影响。

A hybrid model of short-term load forecasting based on chaotic theory, correlation and neural networks is presented in this paper. Firstly, reconstruct attractors in phase spaces using chaotic theory, Secondly fit the attractor's evolvement using BP neural networks, because selecting neural network's input training data using Euclid distance and correlation, improve neural network's associative memory and ratiocinative ability, can better fit the attractor's evolvement.

提出一种将混沌理论、关联度和神经网络相结合的短期负荷预测模型，首先利用混沌理论重构负荷时间序列的相空间吸引子，然后用BP 神经网络来拟合空间吸引子的演化，由于使用空间欧氏距离和关联度联合来选取神经网络的训练样本，这样就提高了神经网络对负荷序列混沌特性的联想和泛化推理能力，能够更好的拟合吸引子的演化。

Firstly, reconstruct attractors in phase spaces using chaotic theory,Secondly fit the attractor s evolvement using BP neural networks, because selecting neural network s input training data using Euclid distance and correlation, improve neural network s associative memory and ratiocinative ability, can better fit the attractor s evolvement.

提出一种将混沌理论、关联度和神经网络相结合的短期负荷预测模型，首先利用混沌理论重构负荷时间序列的相空间吸引子，然后用BP神经网络来拟合空间吸引子的演化，由于使用空间欧氏距离和关联度联合来选取神经网络的训练样本，这样就提高了神经网络对负荷序列混沌特性的联想和泛化推理能力，能够更好的拟合吸引子的演化。

It was suggested that aging did not only influence diastolic filling period, but also influence STI. 3. With increasing age, whether at rest or during exercice, fractional shortening of minor semiaxis, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, cardiac index and ejection fraction did not change, but immediately post pacing, PEP prolonged and PEP/ LVET increased in elderly group and did not change in young group. It was suggested that STI was sensitivity in detecting systolic function of LV. 4. There was a good correlation between aging and decreased compliance and diastolic function of left ventricle which was manifested by a reduction of early diastolic peak folw velocity, time-velocity integral of early diastole, 1/3 filling fraction (1/3FF)(r=-0.958,-0.875 and -0.937, P＜0.01～0.001) and a significant compansatory increase in peak flow velocity of atrial contraction, time-velocity integral of atrial contraction, the ratio between APFV and EPFV and the ratio of ATVI and Total TVI (r=0.958, 0.956, 0.966 and 0.986, P＜0.001) and the prolongation of Dec T and RFP with increasing age. It was particularly true for the subgroups above the age of 50 years.

静息状态下收缩时间间期与年龄无相关性，负荷后即刻，老年组射血前期延长(P＜0.05)，射血前期与射血期比值加大(P＜0.05)，青年组无变化，提示年龄因素亦影响STI，但由于静息状态下得到代偿，STI变化往往表现不明显。3、静息及负荷状态左室短轴缩短率、平均周径缩短率、心指数及射血分数均不随年龄增长而变化，而负荷后即刻老年组PEF延长，PEP/LVET加大，提示STI是检测左室收缩功能的敏感指标。4、随年龄增长，心房收缩期充盈峰值流速、流速积分、充盈分数及心房收缩期与舒张早期充盈峰值流速之比值显著增高(r＝0.958、0.956、0.986及0.966，P均＜0.001)，舒张早期充盈峰值流速及流速积分、1/3充盈分数(1/3FF)下降(r＝-0.958、-0.875及-0.937，P＜0.01～0.001)。

Reach between different to the occasional of different power source bear be opposite between power source and bear the uses share difference of same spur track, raised dynamo and negative charge the method that equipment of common share transmit electricity uses share.

对不同电源之间或不同负荷之间及电源与负荷之间对同一支路的利用份额的差别，提出了发电机和负荷共同分摊输电设备利用份额的方法。

Aimed at the problem of choosing the initial value when the Newton method is used to compute the controlling unstable equilibrium point, a practical and rigorous solving scheme was presented: by identifying the controlling load bus of the given fault, and using the Thevenin equivalent circuit to represent the rest of the system at the state of the post disturbance stable equilibrium point, using the steady equivalent circuit to represent the induction motor in composite load, and then using the torque characteristics of induction motor, a point near the CUEP is gained to be the initial value. The second order normal forms was used to approximate the stable manifold of CUEP, and the local approximating boundary of the region of attraction of the post disturbance stable equilibrium point was gained. Then just by simulating the state of the system at the fault clearing time, the transient voltage stability of the system could be determined.

针对采用牛顿法求取故障后系统主导不稳定平衡点(controlling unstable equilibrium point，CUEP)存在的初值选取难题，提出一种实用但不失严谨的解决方案：通过识别给定故障的主导负荷母线，对主导负荷母线以外系统由故障后稳定平衡点处的状态进行戴维南等值，对负荷中感应电动机部分采用其稳态等值电路，再由感应电动机的转矩特性求得CUEP附近的一个点作为近似的CUEP，以此为迭代初值可靠求得CUEP；采用二阶正规型来近似CUEP的稳定流形的方法求得近似的局部吸引域边界；由仿真得到故障清除时刻系统的状态并根据该状态是否位于吸引域内判断系统的暂态电压稳定性。

Based on the chaotic characteristic of time series of power loads and combining the phase space reconstruction theory of chaotic time series and regression theory of supporting vector machines, a short-term load forecasting model based on chaotic characteristic of loads and least squares SVM is built.

以负荷时间序列的混沌特性为基础，结合混沌时间序列的相空间重构理论和支持向量机的回归理论建立了一种基于负荷混沌特性和最小二乘支持向量机的短期负荷预测模型。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。