课程

In 2001, the outline of curriculum reform of fundamental education pointed out:"we should strengthen the integrated curriculum content, desalinate the boundary in all the subjects, and reinforce the relation between the curriculum content and real life, and also further the link in the knowledge and method of all the subjects."

因此，文科综合课程被作为课程改革的重要方面提上日程。2001年7月，教育部制定的《基础教育课程改革纲要》在改革目标中明确指出：要改变目前课程中以学科为本位，缺乏整合的现状，并设置综合课程。

Part four is a systematically analyses of the investigations conclusion and interprets the theories of multicultural curriculum discriminatingly in the west, put forward a conception of multicultural curriculum development in Yan Yuan County. It consists of three parts, the one are the modes of multicultural curriculum, the two are design of multicultural curriculum, the other are strategies of multicultural curriculum resources exploration.

第四部分：基于调查结果的系统分析和对西方多元文化课程开发理论的阐释与批判，提出了盐源县多元文化课程开发的构想，由三部分构成：一是多元文化课程的开发模式；二是多元文化课程的设计；三是多元文化课程资源的开发策略。

There are many deficiencies existed in the present VSTE curriculum, such as the deflection of curriculum location, the phantom of curriculum function, the dislocation of curriculum structure and the absence of curriculum materials, which reflect the disseverance of academic, normal and technical VSTE.

当前职教教师教育课程存在明显的专业化缺陷，主要体现在课程定位偏位、课程功能虚位、课程结构错位、课程内容缺位，其实质是职教教师教育的学术性、师范性与技术性的割裂。

This article gives a discussion on the teaching thought and the teaching idea of the courses of electrotechnics and electronics , according on the teaching purpose of the courses of electrotechnics and electronics in department of physics of normal university.

根据高等师范院校物理专业电工电子课程的教学目的，探讨了电工电子课程的教学思想与教学理念，给出了电工电子课程的教学方法，论述了电工电子课程中新的教学手段的运用，并对电工电子课程的教学过程提出了几点思

Aiming at the old ideas and behavior of primary and secondary schools teachers, the new curricula demand them acting some new roles in the curriculum implementation, and changing their roles from knowledge-transferee to learner, from dominator in classes to helper and guider of students" development, from passive curriculum player to positive curriculum constructor, from experientialist to researcher and from single person to others" cooperator.

针对原有课程体系下中小学教师的教育观念与行为方式，新课程蕴涵的新的教育理念期待中小学教师能以新的角色走进新课程，期待他们能由知识的传授者转变为学习的参与者、由教学的控制者转变为学生发展的引导者与促进者、由课程的被动执行者转变为课程的积极建构者、由经验型教师转变为研究型教师、由个体劳动型教师转变为合作型教师。

In this paper, based on the theory of history course resource and by using traditional researching methods of "testifying history by arts""bilateral connection of arts and history", the way to construct the teaching model by combination of liberal arts and history, to analyze the literature in junior high school Chinese course (including Chinese textbooks, after school reading books and recommended masterpiece at home and abroad) to enrich the history teaching by inosculating the literature content in junior high school Chinese lesson into history teaching were explored in order to realize the resource sharing in the Chinese and history teaching and to achieve the state of "testifying history by the help of arts""explaining the arts by the help of history" and " inosculating arts into history".

本研究尝试根据历史课程资源理论和传统的&以文证史&、&文史互通&的史学研究方法，探索在初中历史教学实践中构建文史综合的教学模式，研究如何从课程资源的角度解读中学语文课程（包括语文教材、课外读本和推荐阅读中外名著）中的文学作品，将中学语文课程中的文学作品作为不可或缺的实证史料充实进历史课程，融入历史教学，实现初中历史与语文课程的资源共享，做到&以文证史&、&以史释文&、&融文入史&。

Ministry of Education in April 2003 re-enacted and promulgated the "ordinary standards of high school sports meet" and in the autumn of 2004 in Guangdong, Shandong, Hainan and Ningxia provinces, autonomous regions to carry out four experiments in September 2005, Jiangsu Province has also entered high school physical education and health curriculum reform, and Changzhou City, Jiangsu economy and education as a relatively prosperous place, but also in Jiangsu Province high school physic...

2003年4月教育部重新制定和颁发了《普通高级中学体育课程标准》，并在2004年秋季开始先后在广东、山东、海南和宁夏四省区进行实验，2005年9月，江苏省也进入高中体育与健康课程改革，而常州市作为江苏经济和教育都比较发达的地方，也是江苏省进行高中体育与健康课程改革的重点地区，常州市高中体育与健康课程校本化实践的经验能给我们正在进行课程改革或即将进行课程改革的学校提供一些学习和借鉴的地方。

The introspection is making nine-year integrated curriculum reform. Now, the curriculum practice is existing connect with old-new course on the relevant to form of complete set. It's not only brought difficult and cognitive adaptable difference but also resulted barrier to education. The question will touch off this nine-year integrated curriculum reform.

目前九年一贯课程实施在相关配套措施应接不暇的情况下，产生课程衔接的问题，造成原本学习旧课程，突然改用新课程，学习型态骤然改变，不仅造成适应上的困难与认知上的差距，而且课程内容衔接不上，更产生了教学上的障碍，此一问题即引发整个九年一贯课程改革的触动。

How to get rid of understanding of people's inherent, narrow, lacking of the views of many aspects and clairvoyance of modern curriculum theory, how to re-explain the value of local curriculum given by new curriculum, how to respond the puzzles and problems in the practices, how to choose scientific and effective ways, in order to make the nice wishes come true, which can be an important part of national curriculum, that is a true subject.

重新诠释&新课程&赋予地方课程的价值，摆脱对地方课程固有的、狭隘的、缺乏多维视野与现代课程理论透视的理解与定位，回应课程开发实践中的困惑与问题，选择科学有效的作为，实现其作为国家课程体系中重要组成部分的美好初衷，是一个颇具现实意义的课题。

There were two trends of the development of the "branched" curriculum after Herbart and Herbartists had made it theoretical and systematical. On one hand, it spread east to Japan and the Japanese government, which was carrying out Nationalism and Militarism, and treated it as if finding a treasure, and practiced it all over the country.

中国大陆中小学现行的「学科」课程形态，是在中国古代「原始」课程到「艺术」课程传统的基础上，通过 20 世纪分别从日本和前苏联引进西方课程而逐步形成的，其渊源是中国古代形成的传统「艺术」课程和 19 世纪德国赫尔巴特学派建构的「学科」课程。

On closer examination, though, this is not a vote for multilateralism but just the opposite.

仔细审视后我们发现，这并非是对多边主义投出的赞成票，而是恰好相反。

Uncovering their weak spots, so I can defeat them.

揭露出他们的弱点，这样我就可以打败他们了。