群体

In each case, only one of the two possible expected ratios was accepted in all markers, furthermore, no significant deviation from Mendelian inheritance (two-tailed binomial test, P≥0.053). To investigate the polymorphism of AFLP markers, and the genetic diversity in populations of H. discus hannai, eight abalone populations were analyzed by using a total of six AFLP primer combinations. The mean percentages of polymorphic loci of the eight populations were 48.65%, 50.50%, 51.17%, 50.51%, 58.90%, 60.07%, 68.92% and 54.05%, respectively.

皱纹盘鲍群体多样性研究中，选取的6对AFLP引物组合在8个皱纹盘鲍群体内均能扩增出清晰、可重复的扩增产物，扩增带型差异明显。8个群体的多态位点比率分别为：大连养殖群体48.65%、烟台养殖群体50.50%、青岛胶南养殖群体51.17%、青岛崂山养殖群体50.51%、山东长岛野生群体58.90%、山东俚岛野生群体60.07%、日本岩手野生群体68.92%、大连野生群体54.05%；预期杂和度分别为0.2291、0.2438、0.2442、0.2374、0.2626、0.2723、0.3137和0.2802。

Decision rule chain and distance function of decision rule are proposed, by which the order of decision rules are explained. The group scale's effect on decision quality and the marginal contribution of decision-makers are analyzed. It's pointed out that the increase of the scale will enhance the decision quality with the optimal decision rule applied. Otherwise it is likely to weaken the decision quality. It's proved that for homogeneous group with simple majority rule applied the marginal contribution of decision-maker will decrease while the scale increases or the decisional competencies of other decision-makers increase; 3.We study the group decision-making with a leader in it. It's proved that the existence of the leader impairs the decision quality when the group applies the optimal decision rule.

研究了决策者的决策能力不确定情况下的群体决策，给出了最优决策规则，指出其仍然是广义加权多数规则；提出了决策规则链和决策规则距离函数的概念，利用这些概念解释了群体决策规则的序现象；分析了群体规模对决策质量的影响、决策者决策能力的边际贡献，指出当群体应用最优规则时，群体规模的增大会提高决策质量，否则群体规模的增大可能会削弱决策质量；证明了对于应用简单多数规则的同质群体，随着其规模的增大，决策者决策能力对决策质量的边际贡献会减小；随着其他决策者决策能力的提高，决策者决策能力对决策质量的边际贡献也会减小； 3。

The Gayal separated the yaks far away and formed one cluster and 9 yak breeds grouped together. Analysis of population structure for 9 yak breeds shows that there inferred three clusters, one cluster includes yaks in Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province, the other cluster combines Zhongdian, Maiwa and Tianzhu White, and Jiulong and Xinjiang come into the third cluster.

进一步分析9个牦牛和大额牛的群体结构发现：10个种群可分为4个亚群体，一类是青藏高原的牦牛，一类包括中甸牦牛、麦洼牦牛和天祝白牦牛，第三类包括九龙牦牛和新疆牦牛；帕里牦牛主要分布在第一亚群体中，占90%，九龙牦牛主要分布在第二亚群体中，占87.1%，中甸牦牛主要分布在第三亚群体中，占83%，其他品种分布在2至3个亚群体中；大额牛独立分布在第四群体中，占99.3%。

Tenth. A series of mathematical model of genetic mechanism of common population have been established,they are mathematical description of genetic mechanism of common population, so the population that the population genetics researching have extended from panmixia population, inbreeding population,selfing population to common population. It will start the new research territory of population genetics and promote its development.

本文建立了普通群体遗传机制的一系列数学模型，这是对普通群体遗传机制的数学描述，它使群体遗传学所研究的群体由随机交配群体、近亲交配群体、自交群体扩展到普通群体。

Furthermore, out of 497 fAFLP markers, 80 special bands were found to be able to distinguish the four groups from each other and may be applied for germplasm characterization and molecular assistant classification of Meretrix clam.4 Molecular classification of two species of Meretrix clam based on fAFLP and ITS sequences4.1 The results of fAFLP maker analysis of S, G and W showed that each group had their own specific loci among which there were 53 special loci in W group, much more than those of S group (14) and G group (21). Among the 53 loci, nine were all dominant loci. These unique loci could be taken as molecular markers to distinguish W from other groups. The genetic similarity indexes and distance matrix between S and G groups were 0.9585 and 0.0424 respectively, but the genetic similarity indexes and distance matrix between W group and S or G group was 0.7939 or 0.7941, and 0.2308 or 0.2305 respectively. The results revealed that significant difference existed between W and S or G groups in molecular genetic structure. The phylogenetic trees by the methods of UPGMA and NJ also indicated that S and G populations were very closely related, while W population was a relatively independent cluster, lying beyond the species which S and G belong to.4.2 The internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA from S group, G group and W group were PCR amplified and sequenced. The results showed that the size of ITS ranged between 1266-1269bp in W group, while those in G and S groups were 1614bp and 1520bp respectively. The GC content ranged 62.32-62.62% in W group while it was 61.77% in G group. The genetic distances between three populations of W group were 0.001～0.003, but it was 0.110 or 0.147 respectively between W group and G group or S group. Phylogenetic trees by NJ method also showed that G group was very closely related to S group, while W group was a relatively independent cluster.

在457个总扩增位点中找出了53个W的特有位点，远多于S群体(14)和G(21)群体，而且在53个特有位点中有9个出现频率为100%的位点，这些位点可以作为区分其它2个群体的特征性标记；S– G群体特有的位点有112个，其中有4个位点出现频率为100%，可作为S– G群体区别于W群体的特征性标记。S群体和G群体间的遗传相似性系数为0.9585，遗传距离只有0.0424，在NJ和UPGMA法构建的亲缘关系的树状图上均首先聚在一起，说明二者的亲缘关系很近，应属于种内群体间的关系；而W与S和G的遗传相似性系数均较小(0.7939和0.7941)，相对遗传距离很大而且十分相近(0.2308和0.2305)，在亲缘关系树状图上单独分出一支，也表明W与S和G群体间的亲缘关系较远。4.2 ITS序列比较分析通过对白壳文蛤、山东文蛤和广西文蛤的ITS序列扩增电泳、PCR-RFLP分析和ITS序列分析发现，W的ITS序列长度在1266-1269 bp，而S和与G的ITS序列总长度分别为1520 bp和1614 bp；从ITS1和ITS2长度来看，W分别为739-741 bp和316-317 bp，S为895 bp和414 bp，G为987 bp和416 bp；而从ITS碱基组成来看，W的GC含量在62.32-62.62%之间，而G群体为61.77%。W的3个壳色不同群体间的遗传距离仅0.001、0.002和0.003，S与G群体间的遗传距离是0.010，说明W群体内变异很小，而S与G群体间已出现明显的遗传分化，但还均属于种内群体间的遗传变异；而W与G和S的遗传距离分别达到0.110、0.147，两个类群差异显著，已远超出种内群体间的遗传变异。

The average sequence divergence between individuals was 0.0006, while the range within a population and between populations were both 0-0.0013. Fst values were 0.0704, 0.0491, and 0.0792 for Cox1, ND1, and the combination of both genes. These data showed significant genetic variances (P.05) among geographic populations. The taimen populations in Heilongjiang River could be divided into four subpopulations based on Fst values between these geographic populations. However, these populations shared one common haplotype (BH11) shown by haplotype network and haplotype distribution frequency analysis. This suggested that they evolved from a common ancestor (likely a population in the upstream of the Heilongjiang river) and shared common gene flows.

单倍型网络和AMOVA分析结果均表明黑龙江流域哲罗鲑存在显著的群体分化，Cox1基因、ND1基因及组合数据的群体间Fst分别为0.0704、0.0491、0.0792，均达到显著性水平（P.05），根据配对群体间Fst可以将黑龙江流域哲罗鲑群体分为黑龙江上游群体、呼玛河群体、乌苏里江群体、内蒙古伊敏河上游群体4个地理群。9个群体共享同一个单倍型（BH11），表明这些群体具有相同的演化历史，为同一个祖先群体演化而来。

The unbalanced situation led to the unharmony of different interest group.This paper annlyzed the unharmony between the industry workers and the farmers between the managing group of the country and society and other interest groups between the private enterprise owner group and other interest groups and believe that all the contradictions mentioned above are not antagonistic contradiction.But if not properly dealt with,it maybe developed into antagonistic contradiction.

利益格局的非均衡性导致了利益群体关系的失调，本文分析了产业工人群体与农业劳动者群体之间、国家与社会管理者群体和其他社会利益群体之问、个体工商户群体、私营企业主群体与其他利益群体之间的利益关系失调，并认为转型期我国社会各利益群体之问的矛盾总体上呈现为非对抗性，但若处理不当，有可能发展成对抗性矛盾。

Or 10.40％ of the variation was partitioned among voltinism populations. The Nm (4. 3065) showed that there was to some extent gene flow among three voltinism populations. The average Nei's genetic identity was 0.9637. The genetic distance between V1 population and cultivated V1 population was the biggest (0.0438) and the less was 0.0370 between V1 population and V2 population.

Nei基因多样性指数也是2化群体最大（0.2631），1化群体次之（0.2485），培育1化性群体最小（0.1709），3个群体之间的遗传分化系数为0.1040，即3个化性群体之间的遗传变异占到总遗传变异的10.40％。3个化性群体之间的基因流达到4.3065，表明化性群体间存在着一定程度的基因交流。3个群体之间的遗传一致度为0.9637，遗传距离以培育1化性群体与1化性群体最大（0.0438），以1化群体与2化群体最小（0.0370）。

Group emotional intelligence has significantly effects on group decision-making processes. High GAEI groups tend to take more cooperative behaviors and less competitive behaviors than low GAEI groups; different levels of GLEI groups have no significant differences in conflict management behavior; GEI has significant effects on group decision-making process. High GEI groups always experience less relationship conflict; take more cooperative manner, and less competiting and avoiding behaviors to solve the problems.

群体情绪智力对群体决策过程影响显著，表现在以下几个方面：不同群体平均情绪智力水平的群体在冲突管理行为上差异显著，高群体平均情绪智力的群体倾向于采取更多的合作型行为和更少的竞争型行为；不同群体领导情绪智力水平的群体在冲突管理行为上没有显著差异；群体整体情绪智力对群体决策过程的影响作用显著，高群体整体情绪智力群体拥有更低的关系冲突，倾向于更多的采取合作的方式解决问题，而较少的采用竞争和回避的方式来处理问题。

Group average emotional intelligence and the emotional intelligence levels of group leaders are correlated with group whole emotional intelligence: GAEI is positively related to group whole emotional intelligence. High GAEI groups will show a higher level of GEI in the following interactive process; Group leader emotional intelligence is positively related to the ability of group regulation of emotion. High GLEI groups will show a higher level of GROE in the following interactive process.

群体情绪智力的各个层面之间存在相关关系，表现在：群体平均情绪智力同群体整体情绪智力正相关，拥有高群体平均情绪智力的群体能够在随后的交互过程中展现出较高的群体整体情绪智力水平；群体领导情绪智力水平对群体情绪的调节能力预测作用显著，拥有高群体领导情绪智力水平的群体能够在随后的交互过程中展现出较高的群体情绪调节水平。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。