物质

But just changing the understanding about nature, we can know photon as the elementary particle of matter.

物质世界：按照爱因斯坦对光子的理解，以及量子力学对光子的研究，光子不可能是现代物质模型下的基本粒子，如果光子是物质的基本粒子，任何物体在相对静止的情况下都没有质量，物质没有静止质量的意义太可怕了，我们摸不到物体，看不见对方，不能利用任何物质，这是我们现实生活中不可能存在的物理模型。

The examples show: It is not only scientific and rational approximately, but also as referenced calculational methods of threshold quanlity of increased or emendatory chemical substance in the "Identifecation of major hazard installations "(GB18218-2000) in the future, that appliance respective of TNT equivalent method, gasoline equivalent method, methane equivalent method, methl ethyl ketone peroxide equivalent method and hydrogen sulfide equivalent method for the rhrehold quanlity in the work site and store area of volatile substance, combustible liquid substance, combustible gaseous substance, active chemical substance and poisonous substance. At the same time, Comparing with the death radius method and evaluative method of combustible, volatile, poisonous mojor hazardinstalltions, hazard grading method of hazard degree grading in the chemical factory for the major hazard installations is simplerof operation and more practical of calcutating result, and have some significance on generalizer.

实例验证表明：TNT当量法、汽油当量法、甲烷当量法和过氧化甲乙酮当量法分别对爆炸性物质、易燃液体物质、易燃气体物质和活性化学物质的临界量确定，具有一定的科学性和合理性，可作为《重大危险源辨识》(GB18218-2000)中临界量数值修订和危险物质扩充时进行临界量确定的参考计算方法，同时，化工厂危险程度的重大危险源分级法与易燃、易爆和有毒重大危险源评价法和死亡半径法相比，评估过程简单易行，分级结果符合实际，具有较强的可操作性和一定的推广意义。

In this thesis the process of constructing the non-perturbative Hamiltonian theory is de-scribed and is applied to estimate the vacuum condensate. It contains the following contents:At the very beginning, by using the path integral method and eliminating the gluon freedom, aGCM action 〓 of current quarks including lower order current-current coupling was derivedfrom the QCD Lagrangian and the effective Hamiltonian operator that could hardly be doneby the normal methods was derived. After doing this, the broken vacuum is introduced whichincludes quark-antiquark condensate through the generalized Bogoliubov-Valatin transformation,the effective Hamiltonian of constituent quark was derived. The detailed formulas containingthe spatial current-current coupling term for the effective Hamiltonian and gap equations wasworked out by parameterizing the correlation kernel as a quadratic potential. And then, the gapequation was solved and the quark-antiquark condensate of vacuum was studied both in the casesof instantaneous interaction and retarded interaction. In the end, the effective Hamiltionian withtwo-body quark-quark interaction was derived with one-body approximation, and with the helpof the functional integral method the coupling non-linear dynamic equations for systems withnuclear matter was derived. Finally, these equations were solved by selfconsistent method andthe effect of nuclear matter on vacuum condensate was studied. The spatial current-current coupling term is too difficult to handle, hence the correlationkernel is assumed to be not important and usually omitted in the pure vacuum condensate, andthe instantaneous interaction generally is adopted. Retaining the spatial current-current termand partial retardation effect, the quark pairs condensate in pure vacuum was studied, and theeffect of quark mass was also studied. At present, little study is focused in the case with nuclearmatter and spatial current-current term also omitted. Under the approximation with partialspatial current-current term, the effect of nuclear matter on vacuum condensate was studied.

本论文描述了量子色动力学整体色对称模型哈密顿量方法的构建过程，得到了反映正反夸克对凝聚真空结构的关于组分夸克的有效哈密顿量算符，它隐含了胶子作用，并且准确至流-流耦合项；接着，通过参数化哈密顿量中的夸克作用关联核，导出平方禁闭势参数化选择的哈密顿量的具体公式和能隙方程；随后，应用公式，编程求解，考察了瞬时作用下和部分延迟作用下真空的正反夸克对凝聚，在计算中保留了空间流-流耦合作用；之后，导出瞬时势和延迟势下包含二体作用项的哈密顿量公式，并采用单体化近似，通过泛函变分方法得到核物质存在时耦合的非线性动力学方程；在保留部分空间双流耦合作用的近似下，求解核物质的动力学方程，考察核物质密度对真空凝聚的影响，以往考察真空凝聚，对关联核的选用，由于空间流-流耦合项不易处理，也认为作用不大，常忽略该项，并且常采用瞬时作用；本文保留空间双流项和部分延迟作用，考察了真空情形的夸克对凝聚，还考察了夸克质量对纯真空凝聚的影响，以往对核物质存在情形的真空凝聚考察很少，也都忽略空间流-流项，本文在考虑部分空间流-流项近似下，考察了核物质存在对真空凝聚的影响。

In the designs of time, emotion has very important functions. Along with the development of computer, network, digital and electronic technologies in 1990s, non-substance designing has became a leading trend. Computer has replaced paper and pencil to become the main instrument, also the software has turned into a part of design. More important thing is the designs of physical products commence to hanker for lyric-value, advocate the designs that can arouse poetic responses and focus on the non-substance services, technique and audio-visual feeling. Design subject has already speared the evaluative trend from applied material engineering, technical science and functions of products and other physical modality and value to intangibleness such as services, technique, culture, emotion, poetry and so on.

情感在当代设计中有极其重要的作用，90年代，随着电脑等电子技术和数码、网络技术的发展，非物质设计成为设计的一个主导倾向，不仅设计的工具从手绘工具变为电脑，软件成为设计的一部分，重要的是物质产品的设计也开始追求所谓的抒情价值，提倡"能引起诗意反应的物品"的设计，注意非物质的服务、方式、视听感受等方面的设计，设计学科已出现从实用的材料工程科学、技术科学、产品功能等的物质形态和价值转向服务、方式、文化、情感、诗化等无形的非物质方面的趋向。

In addition, the preparation and package and store for standard reference materials of antioxidant BHT are studied.

本论文主要叙述了对工业品防老剂BHT的重结晶提纯和区域熔融提纯(自行设计和制造了区域熔融仪，申请了发明专利)来制定防老剂BHT标准物质的研究：通过实验确定了乙醇重结晶提纯工艺；利用自行设计区域熔融装置，拟定操作规程和技术条件；确定提纯样品的高效液相色谱法和差示扫描量热法的纯度检测条件和实验方法；用高效液相色谱检验BHT标准物质的均匀性、稳定性；分别用高效液相色谱法和差示扫描量热法测定这种标准物质的不确定度评定及两种不同原理检测的定值分析；最后确定标准物质BHT的纯度和合成标准不确定度：标准物质的制备、包装及贮存。

It is thought that the channel bay line evolution processes can be divided into four stages. The first stage is soon of the sea level stable when the bayhead mountines are eroded and developed abrasion geomorphy and the productive materials were transport into the bay deposition by the tidal current and wave current and were reworked into gravel dams. The second stage is characterized by the fluvial output sediments and eroded sediments mixed deposition in channel bay and developed marine accumulation plain and sand riges in the plain under the wave reworked. The third stage developed clay silt marine accumulation plain under the action of the channel current and the wave action is very limited. The fourth stage is marked by human being reclaim which result in the channel bay filled and evoluted into a strait arce coast.

文章认为，峡道海湾的充填经历了四个阶段，第一阶段以峡道海湾湾顶山体在波浪作用下产生的侵蚀物质充填为主，发育了海蚀崖、海蚀洞、海蚀穴等侵蚀地形和湾顶砂砾石堤等堆积地形交替的峡道湾顶地貌，第二阶段以河流输出物质和峡道湾岛屿、礁石侵蚀物质在潮流作用下向峡道湾输运，由潮流和波流共同沉积为特征，发育海积平原，部分粗颗粒泥沙在波浪的改造峡，发育平原沙堤，第三阶段以河流输出物质为主，在涨落潮流搬运下进入峡道和峡道湾沉积，在峡道湾中发育以淤泥质粉砂为主要物质的海积平原，第四阶段以人类围涂造田为标志，加速峡道湾的充填过程，使峡道海湾最终趋于夷平，形成顺直均衡的弧形海岸。

The contents are mainly divided into three parts: The first part describes mechanism and metabolism rule of natural products and its classification ; The second part is about the growth and development of plants and their mutual relationship, natural biological active substances which are produced in the course of defending plant diseases and insect damages. The third part is not only the function and principle of medicine, anticancer and antioxygen activity of different kinds of natural products such as resin ,essential oil, high molecule, grease and so on but also their application. The fourth is security problem of Plant Natural Products. Through the lessons, we can correctly understand and use the relationship between plants and environment.

其课程分为13章，内容主要分为4大部分，一是阐述植物天然产物的发生机理和代谢规律，介绍相关主要植物种类，并对天然产物进行化学分类；二是讲述植物天然产物和自身生长发育之间的关系、天然产物如何影响植物之间的相互关系、以及植物如何利用天然生物活性物质抵御病虫害的威胁；三是详细描述了各种天然产物，如植物自身生长发育过程中所产生的活性物质、植物与其它生物之间的相互关系中所产生的生物活性物质、植物毒性物质、植物药理活性物质、植物抗生物质、植物树脂、植物精油、植物高分子、植物油脂、植物抗氧化活性成分等，并阐述它们的药理活性、抗癌性、抗氧化性等对人类健康起作用的的功能和原理；四是提出了植物天然产物的安全性问题，并介绍相关案例和介绍相关法规；在此基础上还专门讲述了树脂、精油、高分子、以及油脂类等天然产物的应用。

On the other hand, through the discussion on coronal density of flares, we found that the column mass density at the top of chromospheric flare model can not be represented the total mass above the chromosphere and the coronal density can be estimated from presure balance based on semiempirical model. Through estimations, the results show that the total mass above the chromosphere is about the same as the mass between the top of chromosphere and electron source, which so give an evidence that the source of electrons is situated at the top of flare loop.

另一方面，通过对日冕物质密度的讨论发现，半经验模型中色球顶部柱数密度不能用来代表耀斑环在日冕内的总物质，日冕物质密度可用日冕气压与半经验模型中色球顶部压力近似相等来进行估计，进而发现耀斑环在日冕内的总物质与前面估计的色球顶部到非热电子源之间的总物质近似相等，结果趋向于支持非热电子源位于环的顶部。

These results suggest that the diagenesis material of the Xiangshan volcanic intrusive complex was derived from crustal sources. The sources either had relatively lower maturity or had more juvenile mantle-derived igneous rocks than the exposed basement metamorphic rocks. Involvement of a small amount mantle-derived magma during the formation of the Xiangshan volcanic-intrusive complex was also possible. The diorite enclave, sub-quartzmonzonitic porphyry and lamprophyre were probably different mixing products between mantle and crust materals.

上述同位素示踪结果充分证实：相山火山-侵入杂岩的成岩物质主要为壳源，但与该区出露的基底变质岩相比，其物源区的成熟度相对较低或含有一定量的火成物质，并且不排除在其成岩过程中少量地幔物质的介入；闪长质包体、次石英二长斑岩及煌斑岩的成岩物质均含有一定量的地幔组分，可能为壳-幔混合作用的产物，只是受地壳物质混染的程度不同而已。

Therelationship between the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate,whichis widely used to parameterize the dissipation rate in turbulence closure models,is found to hold well for both reversing and rotating flows,but with differentcoefficients.Microstructure profiling measurements at two comparative stations (a deepercentral basin and a local shelf break) in the stratified Yellow Sea are analyzed,with emphasis on tidal and internal-wave induced turbulence near the bottomand in the pyenocline.The water column has a distinct three-layer thermohaline structure,consisting of weakly stratified surface and bottom boundary layers anda narrow sharp pycnocline.Turbulence in the surface layer is controlled by thediurnal cycle of buoyancy flux and wind forcing at the sea surface.while thebottom stress induced by barotropic tidal eurrents dominates turbulence in thebottom boundary layer.The maximum level at which the tidally enhanced mixingcan affect generally depends on the magnitude of the tidal current,and it canbe up to 10-15 m in the Yellow Sea.This suggests that,in the deeper regionsof the shelf seas,turbulent dissipation and mixing are very weak at the levelsbetween the near-bottom tidally enhanced layer and the pycnocline.Therefore,these levels provide a significant bottle neck for the vertical exchanges.In theshallow regions,however,the tidally-induced turbulence can occupy the wholewater colum below the pycnocline.A quarter-diurnal periodicities of the turbulentdissipation rate and eddy diffusivity are found at different heights with evidenttime lag.In the relatively flat central basin,the pycnocline is essentially non-turbulent and internal-wave activity is very weak.Therefore,vertical fluxes acrossthe pycnocline decreased to molecular levels.In contrast,internal waves of variousperiods can be always found near the local shelf break.

对强层化季节黄海两对比性站位(分别位于中央海盆区与局地陆坡区)处层化、内波以及湍流混合特征的研究结果表明：1、强层化季节的陆架海水体一般呈现显著的三层热盐结构，在水体近乎混合均匀的上混合层与潮流底边界层之间为强跃层；2、近表层水体的湍流混合强度主要由海表浮力通量的日变化与海表风强迫控制，而在潮流底边界层内，潮混合是水体热量、物质、动量与能量垂直交换的主要机制；3、潮混合影响的深度由潮流大小决定，在黄海，一般可达10-15 m，因此，在水深较深的区域，在跃层与潮混合所至深度范围的上界之间存在湍流混合非常弱的区域，这显著抑制水体内物质的垂直通量，为物质垂直交换的瓶颈，而在水深较浅的区域，潮混合影响范围可至跃层底部，因此物质在跃层以下整个水体中混合非常均匀，当跃层内间歇性强混合发生时，可以产生显著的跨跃层物质输运；4、近底潮致强湍流耗散缓慢地向上传播，底上不同深度处垂直湍扩散系数也具有显著的位相差异，且二者均随时间呈现四分之一周日周期的变化；5、在地形较为平坦的中央海盆区，内波活动非常微弱，因此跃层内湍流混合非常弱，垂直扩散系数为分子扩散水平，跨跃层物质通量受到显著抑制，而在地形变化较为显著的局地陆坡区，内波活动非常活跃，除内潮的影响外，高频内波与内孤立波的影响也很显著，因此跃层内存在很强的间歇性强混合，内孤立波存在的区域，水体湍流混合显著增强。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。