热力学

The influences of heat exchanger and engine on system efficiency are distinguished. The thesis also analysis the efficiency of the compound cycle of liquid nitrogen engine operating on open Rankin cycle together with the liquid nitrogen refrigeration cycle and economy in detail.

首次采用变质量系统热力学原理探讨了通过对进气温度与缸内残余质量温度的控制有助于实现准等温膨胀的可行性；首次采用有限时间热力学对具有压降不可逆液氮发动机开式朗肯循环进行了工作过程分析，研究了漏气和压降对液氮发动机效率和功率的影响关系。

Based on the first law of thermodynamics and the law of mass conservation, thermodynamic and dynamic models of the vane compressor have been developed by considering leakage, heat transfer etc.

本文在热力学第一定律及质量守恒定律的基础上，考虑了压缩过程的泄漏、传热等现象，建立了旋叶式压缩机工作过程的热力学模型和动力学模型。

In the present study, Hartree-Fock and Density Functional Theory with different basis sets were employed to calculate the structural and thermodynamic parameters of 66 thiophenyl, phenyl sulfoxide and phenylsulfonyl cycloalkane carboxylates. With the statistic software SPSS11.5 for windows and GQSARF2.0, the QSAR models relating physicochemical properties of these compounds to their structural and thermodynamic parameters were successfully obtained, using multiple stepwise regression method. The physicochemical properties observed in this work include octanol/water partition coefficient, chromatographic capacity index, toxicity (EC50 and LC50), and solubility etc.

本文采用从头算方法中的Hartree-Fock 方法、密度泛函理论方法(Density functional theory，简称DFT)中的不同基组，计算了苯硫基、苯亚砜基和苯砜基含硫芳香羧酸酯三类共66 个化合物的结构参数和热力学参数，利用SPSS11.5 for windows 统计软件和GQSARF2.0 软件，采用多元逐步回归法拟合得到与溶质-溶剂相互作用有关的物理化学性质与结构参数和热力学参数之间的QSAR 方程，这些物理化学性质包括辛醇/水分配系数、色谱容量因子、毒性(EC50和LC50)、溶解度等。

It is concluded that Daniell Cell is thermodynamically irreversible and that criterion of ΔrGm is not equal to that of E.

讨论了Daniell电池的热力学可逆性问题和电化学反应的判据问题，认为Daniell电池是热力学不可逆电池，电化学反应的ΔrGm判据与E判据并不等

There is another principle, independent of the first law and not derivable from it, that is the second law of thermodynamics.

在热力学第一定律之外还有其它定律制约着热功转换的效率。那就是热力学第二定理。

The model is run under the idealized conditions resresenting for the sea-ice diploe in the Okhotsk Sea and the Bering Sea, and the atmospheric forcing is from the data of the winter months i.

参考已有的理论和模拟研究结果，指出高纬地区低空大气的温度变化受直接热力学调整过程的影响明显，对称性响应分量明显，而高层大气温度和各层的大气位势高度变化是由直接热力学调整和间接动力过程响应所共同控制，非对称分量占主导。

Thermodynamic analysis shows that electrochemical reduction of HSO-3 into dithionite is controlled dynamically, not thermodynamically, and that concentration decrease of the sulfur-compounds will be helpful to increase thermodynamic stability of dithionite produced by electrochemical reduction of HSO-3.3figs.,2tabs.,9refs.

热力学与文献研究结果表明，HSO-3电化学还原为S2O2-4的过程为动力学控制，当溶液中含硫物质的浓度均为0.001mol*dm-3时，HSO-3电解还原为S2O2-4的热力学稳定性提高。图3，表2，参9。

The reaction energetics of Al-Ti-C system have been theoretically analyzed and calculated based on solution thermodynamic theory at first.

基于溶液热力学理论，本文首先对Al-Ti-C 三元体系的反应热力学进行了理论分析和计算。

The critical rate equation of the particles engulfment is drawn on the bases of thermodynamic conditions and relative movement of the particles against the interface.

基于两相流原理，给出了粒子进入熔体的临界条件，定量描述了考虑粒子浓度时粒子在熔体中的运动速度，建立了粒子俘获/推移的热力学条件，并在热力学条件及粒子相对于固-液界面运动的基础上，建立了粒子俘获的临界速度判据。

The thermodynamic phase equilibrium model and the phase diagram is the underline for any separation process.

热力学相平衡模型及相图是结晶分离研究的基础，本研究以二甲苯异构体三元系作为研究对象，通过不同的方法建立三元系的固-液相平衡热力学模型及相图。

I'm strongly against the death penalty — it's an eye for an eye.

我不赞成死刑——这是以牙还牙的报复行为。

And to get you the support you need, we're enlisting all elements of our national power: our diplomacy and development, our economic might and our moral suasion, so that you and the rest of our military do not bear the burden of our security alone.

并给你们所须的支援，我们正徵召国家所有各种的力量：我们的外交及发展，我们的经济力量与道德劝说，所以你们与其他军人不须要孤独地负起国家安全的责任。