热力学

On the basis of Small's model bile system, a more effective thermodynamic system which includes unconjugated bilirubin is proposed.

在Small的胆汁热力学体系基础上建立一个包含游离胆红素在内的更完善的热力学体系。

It is pointed out that the main tendency of this study is gradually turned from the traditional solution theory or semiempirical model to statistical mechanics theory , from primitive to nonprimitive electrolyte model, in o rder to estab lish the mo lecu lar thermodynam ic model at h igh level,which can predict them acroscopic thermodynamic properties of electrolyte solution system from the microscopic molecular and ionic parameters.

指出电解质溶液的研究已逐渐从经典的溶液理论和半经验模型转向用统计力学理论进行研究，从电解质的原始模型转向非原始模型。从分子和离子的微观参数出发建立高水平的热力学理论模型，以预测电解质溶液体系的宏观热力学性质，是发展的必然趋势。

Purity control in producing metallic strontium using vacuum aluminothermic reduction was analysed by thermodynamic calculation.

对真空铝热还原法制备高纯金属锶的纯度控制进行了热力学分析；探讨了锶、钡和钙的临界还原温度、蒸气压等热力学参数差异，并制定了制备高纯金属锶的工艺。

Reaction mechanism of Sr preparation using vacuum aluminothermic reduction ;2. Purity control in producing metallic strontium using vacuum aluminothermic reduction was analysed by thermodynamic calculation.

对真空铝热还原法制备高纯金属锶的纯度控制进行了热力学分析；探讨了锶、钡和钙的临界还原温度、蒸气压等热力学参数差异，并制定了制备高纯金属锶的工艺。

A thermodynamic analysis of cementation of Ag with Cu in ammoniacal solution has been carried out. The calculated results indicated that this cementation reaction is possible thermodynamically.

进行了氨性溶液中Cu置换Ag的热力学分析，计算结果表明，该置换反应在热力学上是可能的。

It's found that, this theory can predict both"miscibility gap"and anisotropical phase separation of polymer blend, while the two different previous theories, that is the pure thermodynamical one and hydrodynamic one, could only predicts one but not both of them.

由于综合考虑了剪切的热力学以及流体力学影响，原来只能由纯热力学理论和&二流体&模型分别预测的复杂表观相图（例如Miscibility Gap）以及各向异性相行为都可以通过该模型加以预测和解释。

The four reaction channels including hydroxyl-type benzaldoxime are endothermic reaction, thermodynamically non-spontaneous process, but the other four reaction channels including ion-type benzaldoxime participation are exothermic reaction and thermodynamically spontaneous process. The latter four reaction channels, which have lower reaction barriers, faster reaction velocities and bigger equilibrium constants than those of the former fours, are the chief reaction channels.

苯甲醛肟以羟基型参与反应的4个反应通道均为吸热反应和热力学非自发过程，它们均具有较高的反应势垒、较慢的反应速率和较小的平衡常数；而以离子型参与反应的四个反应通道均为放热反应和热力学自发过程，它们的反应势垒较低，反应速度较快，平衡常数也较大，故苯甲醛肟应主要以离子型参与反应。

This results in a higher possibility for the components to enter the unstable demixing gap after the rapid phase separation of the system has taken place.Therefore,a bicontinuous structure is easily formed for CA membrane. For the systems of ScCO_2/toluene/PSt and ScCO_2/solvent/PVB,the increase of temperature or decrease of pressure leads to the binodal curves shifting toward the polymer/solvent axes,and thus results in the decrease of miscibility gap.The membrane toplayers of ScCO_2/solvent/PVB systems are dominated by the equilibrium thermodynamics,while the formation of membranes sublayers is the result of the combination of the equilibrium thermodynamics and membrane formation kinetics.

以下时由双节线、旋节线之间构成的亚稳互溶分相区很窄，使得该体系在快速分相后其组成变化进入旋节线内不稳分相区的可能性极高，从而易导致CA膜形成双连续结构；温度升高或压力减小均可导致ScCO_2/甲苯/PSt与ScCO_2/溶剂/PVB两种铸膜体系的双节线向聚合物/溶剂轴一侧靠近，均相区减小；ScCO_2/溶剂/PVB体系的膜表面结构形成主要受平衡热力学过程的控制，而膜的截面结构是其平衡热力学与扩散动力学共同作用的结果。

It was quantitatively argued that the difference in the congruent melt compositions experimentally observed for the growth of compositionally homogeneous [00.1] and [10.0] -oriented LiNbO〓 single crystals could be a result from anisotropies in the surface free energy contributed to the total free energy of a crystal nucleus.

从热力学上定量阐明了沿不同晶体学方向生长LiNbO〓单晶时同成分熔化点成分之差别可能是由不同的晶体学固液界面能所致。研究结果表明双亚点阵离子溶液模型和化合物能量模型是处理硼酸盐溶体相和氧化物离子固溶体相的有效的热力学模型。

Take DMSO swollen treatment and DEA-SO2-DMSO decrystallization treatment for example, the X-ray diffraction and the Tobolsky's intermittent stress relaxation of treated woods were determined during soaking in water, analyzed the effects of water on crystal degree and inter-cohesion of treated woods. According to these continuous relaxation curves measured in water with different temperatures, various thermodynamic quantities were obtained by using Eyring absolute rate theory, and reviewed the chemical reactions in wood which occur in different relaxation process. For the first time quantify these crosslinkings formed in the process of tensional relaxation by using the SMCIR intermittent stress relaxation way, and defined the cross-linking reaction types. In order to find out the contribute of drying to the fixation of deformation of chemically treated wood, stress relaxation of oven-dry untreated and treated wood was measured during the process of temperature elevation and descend, then analyzed the effect of temperature change on relaxation mechanism of treated oven-dry wood. According to continuous relaxation curves of oven-dry treated wood under various constant temperature, calculated the thermodynamics of relaxation process and discussed the mechanism of molecule change in wood, at the same time, also quantified these cross-linkings produced in wood by intermittent method and on the basis of which the model of molecular change during relaxation process of chemically treated was constructed.

以DMSO膨胀处理及DEA- SO2-DMSO非晶化塑化处理为例，测定了两种处理木材在水浸渍过程中的X射线衍射及Tobolsky间歇应力松弛，分析了水对处理木材结晶度及内部凝聚力的影响；通过未处理和两种处理木材在不同温度水中的连续应力松弛测定，应用Eyring的绝对速度反应理论计算并获得了松弛过程中的各热力学量，分析了在水中松弛过程中不同阶段木材内部发生的化学反应；并首次采用SMCIR连续·不连续双曲线应力松弛法定量了轴向拉伸应力松弛过程中木材内部产生的架桥量，明确了交联反应的类型；为了了解干燥对处理木材塑性变形固定的影响，测定了未处理和两种处理绝干木材在温度下降过程和上升过程中的应力松弛，分析了温度变化对处理绝干木材应力松弛的影响；根据多个温度水平下的连续应力松弛测定曲线，计算松弛过程的热力学量，考察了绝干木材在松弛过程中内部发生的分子变化机理，同时也用间歇法定量了木材内部新形成的架桥量，并在此基础上构筑处理木材在松弛过程中内部分子构造的变化模型。

I'm strongly against the death penalty — it's an eye for an eye.

我不赞成死刑——这是以牙还牙的报复行为。

And to get you the support you need, we're enlisting all elements of our national power: our diplomacy and development, our economic might and our moral suasion, so that you and the rest of our military do not bear the burden of our security alone.

并给你们所须的支援，我们正徵召国家所有各种的力量：我们的外交及发展，我们的经济力量与道德劝说，所以你们与其他军人不须要孤独地负起国家安全的责任。