热传递

With the establishmentof the equivalent medium model, RTM-DRE was applied to study radiative transfer intransparent medium with scattering particles. By taking into account of absorption andscatter of particles, absorption of binder and reflection of interface, the apparent spectrumabsorption model of thermal control coatings was developed by RTM-DRE combined withMies theory. Validity, computational error and time of the model were validated andanalyzed. Furthermore, the apparent spectrum absorption characteristics of thermal controlcoatings were studied, and the influences of optical characteristics of binder and particles,volume fraction of particles, particles diameter, characteristics of interface, and incidentangle of irradiance were analyzed.

采用RTM-DRE研究热控涂层内辐射传递，结合Mie氏散射理论，考虑粒子吸收与散射、基料吸收、界面反射等因素影响，建立热控涂层表观光谱吸收率计算模型，验证计算模型的正确性，分析计算模型的计算误差与计算时间；在此基础上，通过计算热控涂层表观光谱吸收率来研究热控涂层表观光谱吸收特性，分析基料与粒子光学特性、粒子体积份额、粒径、界面反射特性、辐射能量入射角等因素的影响，初步研究空间环境因素对热控涂层表观光谱吸收特性的影响，采用系统灵敏度理论定量分析热控涂层表观光谱吸收特性变化对卫星温度的影响。

At the same time, in the transmission system of construction machinery up-to-date, the power transferred by the transmission is improved greatly, while the gear friction is adopted in the transfer structure, so the heat loss will influence both the lubrication and cooling of the system, and the working intensity of the structure components. Therefore, the correction of the heat balance is necessary to the system.

同时，在现代工程机械的变速传动系统中，由于行星变速箱所传递的功率有了大幅的提高，但传递结构依然大量采用齿轮摩擦传动，其热损失不仅对系统的润滑和冷却有影响，而且对结构元件的工作强度也具有很大的影响，因此，也需要对该系统进行热平衡校核。

What's more, energy can be passed with the mechanical wave; namely the discharged energy could spread outside, so what we called thermal radiation of light take place.

又因为能量能够随机械波进行传递，即放出的能量能够向外传递，所以也就出现了我们所说的热辐射现象，可见的热辐射即是我们所说的光。

In order to understand the merits, evaluation precision and adaptability of Mond method in quantitative safety evaluation, this study investigates the subjective deviation and the rationality of the parameter selection, the temperature effect on combustion heat, the key material selection, the effect of mixed materials and the error propagation in Mond algorithm.

为分析与讨论蒙德法优缺点、评价精度及适应性，对参数取值的主观偏差影响、参数选取的合理性、对蒙德法中燃烧热的温度、单元中重要物质选取、混合物质影响以及Mond法算法误差传递进行了研究，采用误差传递法对偏差的传递进行了理论分析与论证。

In this method the transfer functions, which are the response of the temperature and thermal stress in the key parts of the special structures caused by the unit temperature load with the special loading model, are computed firstly using the detailed finite element analysis. Then both the thermal and stress responses and their sensitivities to any complex change of temperature can be obtained by the simple cirro-product integral.

该方法的基本思想是：基于一定的结构和热载荷模式，将事先通过详细有限元分析求出的单位突加热边界条件变化引起的结构控制区的温度和热应力响应作为传递函数，然后进行简单的卷积积分运算，就可以得到任意热载荷幅值变化历史所对应的温度和热应力，进而也可快速进行灵敏度分析。

A coupled-unstable-equation-system of the heat, moisture and air transfer of the third boundary condition in the building walls with one dimension were developed, and software was developed using numerical simulation.

为了研究建筑墙体的热质耦合传递规律，该文考虑了太阳辐射的影响，建立了在第三类边界条件下建筑墙体非稳态热、湿及空气渗透耦合传递的物理及数学模型，开发了相应的数值模拟计算软件。

The results indicate that the different thermal expansions and elastoplastic properties and distributed randomness of various mineral particles composed of oil shale will lead to the nonuniformity of thermal field , deformation field and stress field in heating process , which makes the particles of oil shale deform incompatibly : and the release of product pyrolysis results in irreversible damages of oil shale material and structure . These are the main reasons for the thermal fracture of oil shale .

研究结果表明：组成油页岩各种矿物颗粒热膨胀和弹塑性性质的不同及其分布的随机性，导致油页岩加热过程中温度场，变形场和应力场的非均匀性，使得油页岩颗粒间变形不协调和油页岩热解产物释放引起油页岩材料与结构性能发生不可逆的劣化损伤，这是油页岩发生热破裂的主要原因；热传导方式加热油页岩，温度的传递比较缓慢，加热井和生产井的间距不宜过大，对油页岩储层性质存在差异时，注热井应选择较高热导率的区段；油页岩的层理对油页岩地下原位开发形成渗透带至关重要，油页岩达到热解温度会产生附加的膨胀力，首先在层理处开裂，应充分利用油页岩层理赋存条件改造其渗透性。

The results indicate that the different thermal expansions and elastoplastic properties and distributed randomness of various mineral particles composed of oil shale will lead to the nonuniformity of thermal field, deformation field and stress field in heating process, which makes the particles of oil shale deform incompatibly: and the release of product pyrolysis results in irreversible damages of oil shale material and structure. These are the main reasons for the thermal fracture of oil shale. When oil shale is heated through thermal conduction, temperature transfers slowly, so the spacing between heating well and production well should not be kept too long. When difference exists in oil shale reservoir's properties, heating well should be chosen in the high conductivity region. Oil shale's stratification is vital for developing permeation zone in in-situ retorting. Oil shale will generate additional expansion force as it reaches its pyrolysis temperature, and stratification will be cracked first, so the oil shale stratification should be utilized to enhance its permeability.

研究结果表明：组成油页岩各种矿物颗粒热膨胀和弹塑性性质的不同及其分布的随机性，导致油页岩加热过程中温度场、变形场和应力场的非均匀性，使得油页岩颗粒间变形不协调和油页岩热解产物释放引起油页岩材料与结构性能发生不可逆的劣化损伤，这是油页岩发生热破裂的主要原因；热传导方式加热油页岩，温度的传递比较缓慢，加热井和生产井的间距不宜过大，对油页岩储层性质存在差异时，注热井应选择较高热导率的区段；油页岩的层理对油页岩地下原位开发形成渗透带至关重要，油页岩达到热解温度会产生附加的膨胀力，首先在层理处开裂，应充分利用油页岩层理赋存条件改造其渗透性。

Then the secondary electron emission yield of MgO film were measurement on the dynode structures. We successfully demonstrated that primary electron energy effect the curve of SEE yield according to previous study. We found that the magnitude of the secondary electron em....

驱动的原理是以集热板吸收太阳热能，透过热管快速传递热量的特性将收集到的热能快速而高效的传递到远端的散热鳍片，鳍片温度上升高后，以自然对流的方式驱动鳍片周遭的空气上升，进而使建筑物内的空气来递补，。。。。

At last, the software for upper machine and lower machine is introduced.Chapter 3, on the basis of the experiment on the nano feeding control platform, the mathematic modal of drive parts is established considering that the nano feeding under large feeding force has some open air temperature random disturbance phenomenon which influences the feed precision.

第三章，首先对建立数学模型的分步拟合方法进行了介绍，接着，在实验的基础上，通过拟合的方法得出纳米级热驱动部件输入功率与输出位移的数学传递函数以及外界温度干扰与输出位移的数学传递函数，最后建立了干扰情况下的纳米级热驱动部件数学模型。

Chrysanthemum of 10 thousand birthday is lax to edaphic requirement, with the arenaceous qualitative loam with fecund, good drainage had better.

万寿菊对土壤要求不严，以肥沃。排水良好的砂质壤土为好。

He unstepped the mast and furled the sail and tied it.

他拔下桅杆，把帆卷起，系住。