方法

The following is a list of topics to be covered: index number approach (fixed basket approach, test approach, economic approach, stochastic approach, and Divisia approach), chain index and chained index, hedonic price index, macroeconomic price index, stock market price index, inflation measurement, and economic growth rate measurement.

本课程的主要内容包括：指数方法（指数的固定篮子方法、指数的检验方法、指数的经济方法、指数的随机方法、指数的 Divisia 方法）、环比指数与链式指数、 Hedonic 价格指数、宏观经济价格指数、证券市场价格指数、通货膨胀测度、经济增长率测度。

Model of water supply networks dynamic simulation is finished through analysis of parameter simulation and characteristic of big city.

深入分析了供水管网动态模型校核方法和影响模型精度的各种影响因素，探讨了简化模型校核过程的原则和方法，在深入剖析灵敏度分析法、解析法和解非线性方程组法等校核方法优缺点的基础上，提出了"最优化方法"作为供水管网系统动态模拟模型校核的基本方法，并以天津市供水管网170个实测点的实测数据对模型进行了校核，使模型达到了预定的精度要求，同时也证实了模型校核方法的适用性。

The main job and contribution of this paper are as follows:Based on narrowband signal processing, we propose a new method for FH signal blind detection and blind parameter estimation. Firstly, compute the cross-correlation function of FH signals from multichannels, then we get the cross power spectral density matrixCSDM Secondly, select the hops of FH signals from the CSDM via processing and analyzing the CSDM, meanwhile reduce the influence coming from noise, fixed frequency signal and other interferences; Lastly, estimating the DOA of every hop and according to the DOA, we can separate the hops, get the number of FH signals and their parameters. Propose a new method for designing the threshold in FH signal detection. This method makes it easy to get the threshold by theoretic computing and it can extremely reduce the interference of non-FH signals.Based on broadband signal processing, we propose a new method for FH signal blind detection and blind parameter estimation. Firstly, get the DOA of the signals by wideband spatial spectrum estimation; secondly, separate the signals by spatial filtering using wideband beamformer; Lastly, we propose two methods for FH signal blind detection and blind parameter estimation, one is for several constant hop-rate FH signals whose dwell-time are different and another is for a single FH signal whose hop-rate is alterable.By employing spatial interpolation in broadband signal beamforming, it can reduce the number of antenna elements and corresponding RF modules, A/D converters, etc. It can also eliminate the mutual coupling between antenna elements while getting the narrower main beamwidth and lower sidelobe level.

本文的主要研究工作和贡献如下：●提出了一种基于窄带处理的FH信号盲检测和参数盲估计的实现方法，即首先求出多路信号之间的互相关，进而得到互功率谱密度矩阵，然后通过对CSDM进行对折处理来抑制噪声、定频信号及其他干扰的影响，并将所有属于FH信号的hop(每一跳的驻留时间在时频图上持续的线段)从CSDM中筛选出来，最后用阵列信号处理中的到达方向估计理论在频域中估计出各个hop的方向参数，利用方位信息完成FH信号分离并得到FH信号的数目及其各自的参数集；●提出了一种确定FH信号检测门限的策略，该策略不仅使得检测门限能够通过理论计算得到，而且还显著地抑制了非跳频信号的干扰，从而能有效地检测出FH信号；●提出了一种基于宽带处理的短波FH信号盲检测和参数盲估计的实现方法，即首先利用宽带空间谱测向技术得到接收信号的DOA，然后采用宽带波束形成技术对特定方向进行空间滤波，实现多个信号的分离，最后分别提出了两种FH信号的盲检测和参数盲估计方法，第一种方法适用于空间某个特定方向上存在着几个驻留时间不同的恒跳速FH信号和其他干扰信号的混合信号，第二种方法适用于空间某个特定方向上仅含一个可变跳速的FH信号和噪声的混合信号；●将空间插值的概念和宽带波束形成技术结合起来，提出了一种基于频域处理的宽带恒定束宽的波束形成方法。

According to their processes of construction, the projection methods are classified into three types in the present paper, namely, the Helmholtz-Hodge decomposition projection methods, the operator splitting projection methods and the local continuous projection methods.

本文根据投影方法的构造思路，将众多的投影方法分成了3类，即： Helmholtz-Hodge分解类投影方法、算子分裂类投影方法和局部连续投影方法，并详细的介绍了3类投影方法的发展历程和求解步骤。

This thesis contributes to geometry compression in the following aspects: Proposes a method of progressive spherical mesh parameterization based on local parameterization by directly projecting the deleted vertices to its neighborhood. Based on spherical mesh paramterization, an adaptive subdivision remeshing method by progressivly redistributing of sampling points is proposed, by this means, the main geometry information of the original mesh can be captured with only a small amount of samples, it can also be used in mesh simplification. By regarding attributes binded on mesh vertices as geometry signals and transferring them onto a uint sphere by means of spherical mesh parameterization, meshes with different attributes are compressed with spherical wavelet successfully with high compression rate. As a kind of lossy geometry compression technique, two mesh simplification algorthimes are also presented in this thesis.

归纳起来，本文的主要贡献有：提出了以直接投影局部参数化方法为基础的网格累进球面参数化方法；在网格球面参数化方法的基础之上，提出了一种基于累进优化布点方案的网格细分采样方法，该方法可以用很少的采样点就可以捕获到网格的主要特征，因此我们也将其用于后面的网格简化工作当中；通过将网格顶点上定义的各种属性看成几何信号，并以网格球面参数化为手段将几何信号迁移到单位球面上，从而成功地实现了用球面小波对各种几何信号的压缩；作为一种有损压缩方法，本文还提出了基于统一距离的网格简化算法和基于重采样的网格简化算法。

To accelerate the widespread of Synchronous Chip Seal and improve the operation quality of Synchronous Chipsealer, key techniques which influence the operation quality is studied detailedly, including the control of distributing quality, the dynamics characteristics of hydraulic system and the spray characteristics of asphalt nozzle of Synchronous Chipsealer.1 The factors which influence Synchronous Chip Seal quality are studied. Fiducial probability of simultaneous distribution density is advised to be used in evaluating the distribution bias and standard deviation of asphalt and aggregates simultaneously, which is more advanced than the single index evaluation method used before.2 The volume efficiency formula of asphalt pump is revised after analyzing the data of volume efficiency with mathematical statistics, which is helpful to match the asphalt spray system and control the flow out of asphalt pump accurately. With equation deduction and experiment, dynamic of hydraulic system used in Synchronous Chipsealer is studied, which lay the theory foundation on improving the stability and efficiency from design and controlling.4 Simulation on hydraulic system used in Synchronous Chipsealer is done with AMESim; the results indicate that multi-circle parallel connected hydraulic system with constant pressure power is better than that with load-sensing pressure power at present, because the latter will oscillate when the multi circles work at the same time. This conclusion has been proved during the debug of Synchronous Chipsealer.5 Asphalt nozzle characteristics, such as flat jet shape, flow distribution, are studied with experiment, the results indicate that cross quality of asphalt distributing is not increased linearly follow the increase of fan overlap level, the best point usually exists between two whole overlap level, asphalt distributing quality is better than±4% at the 2.5 overlap level, meets the superior specified in standard; The distribution quality of Synchronous Chipsealer can be increased by spray asphalt of different flow rang with nozzle of different diameter

为了加快同步碎石封层技术的推广，提高同步碎石封层设备的作业质量，本文对同步碎石封层设备作业质量的影响因素与控制方法、液压系统的动力学特性和沥青喷嘴的喷洒特性等关键技术进行了深入细致的研究：1研究了影响同步碎石封层作业质量的因素，提出了采用联合密度分布置信概率对同步碎石封层中沥青洒布量和碎石撒布量的系统偏差和标准差指标进行综合评价的方法，克服了传统评价方法只能对单一指标进行评价的缺陷；2采用数理统计的方法，研究了沥青泵的容积效率特性，修正了沥青泵容积效率公式，为沥青喷洒系统的匹配和沥青泵出口流量的精确控制提供了依据；采用数理方程推导与试验相结合的方法，研究了同步碎石封层设备液压系统的动力学特性，为从设计和控制的角度提高同步碎石封层设备液压系统的稳定性和效率奠定了理论基础；3运用AMESim软件对采用负载敏感控制和恒压控制的两种同步碎石封层设备液压系统进行仿真，结果表明：负载敏感控制的并联液压系统在多回路同时工作时，由于液压泵排量控制参考压力不稳定，容易引发液压系统振荡，恒压控制的并联液压系统是目前技术条件下比较理想的同步碎石封层设备工作装置驱动方案；该结论亦通过同步碎石封层设备装机试验得到了验证。4采用试验的方法对沥青喷嘴的喷洒特性进行了研究，结果表明：沥青洒布的横向精度并不是随着喷洒扇面重叠度的增加线性增加，其最高点通常出现在二个重叠度之间的"半重叠位置"，"2.5重叠"洒布时，沥青的横向洒布精度≤±4%，可以达到国家相关标准中的优级标准；同步碎石封层设备还可以根据不同洒布量情况下的流量需求，采用不同通径的喷嘴进行喷洒，提高沥青洒布精度。

During the calculation the results got by quintic spline kernel was the best so it was chosen as the proper kernel for the SPH simulation. By comparison of the simulation results got by SPH and finite volume method, it was proved that the buffer cells method proposed in the SPH simulation to implement the Dirichlet boundary conditions was accurate, and this is of great importance for the simulation of flows pass a pipe. At last, the SPH method was improved to simulate the liquid-solid two phase flows and the results show that this method was appropriate for the simulation of flows containing viscous fluid and macroscopic solid components. Now the two methods are both able to predict the continuum flows and rarefied flows severally, but the hybrid program still has some aspects to be improved.

首先用标准算例验证了SPH方法的理论模型和计算程序的准确性；通过比较确定选用五次样条核作为计算低雷诺数下的粘性连续流动时的核函数；采用SPH方法和有限体积法分别对同一管道流动进行了对比计算，证明了本文提出的边界缓冲区方法在实现SPH方法中的流体边界条件时的有效性，解决了SPH方法模拟管道流动时的一个关键问题；巧妙地使用SPH方法对化工分离流动中常见的固液两相流及固液耦合作用进行了模拟尝试，获得了较好的结果；在跨尺度计算方面，目前两个子程序已经能够分别模拟连续的和稀薄的二维管流问题，二者的耦合计算程序还处于调试和优化阶段，各个参数对于计算精度和计算速度的影响规律仍在探索中。

It solves the problem that the unitary contour presentation can not correctly extract face contour in a face image which suffers from scale, rotation etc. The definition of the internal and external energy function is provided. At the same time, the global matching algorithm and local matching algorithm is given. The experiment shows that this presentation and the accompanying matching algorithm can be used to extract the face contour very well. So the image segmentation can be implemented by using it.②By analyzing the recognition principle of PCA method, we can conclude that the face images coming from different surrounding consist of different face image space. This is the essential reason that makes the generality of PCA method worse. Also, we give a measurement means to measure the distance from different face image space, so we can analyze face image space more conveniently.③We also construct various scale models and rotation pose models to detect the scale and rotating angle of face image to be recognized. The experiment results show that the detecting precision is very high. So it is good for face image feature extraction and face image representation.④Similarly, we construct local feature models of face image and utilize them to detect the local feature of face image. At the same time, we put forward a novel face image local feature detection algorithm, locating step by step. The experiment results show that this method can accurately detect the location of local face feature in a image.⑤A novel face image presentation model, dual attribute graph , is put forward. Firstly, it utilizes attribute graph to present the face image, then exact the local principal component coefficient and Gabor transform coefficient of thc pixels which corresponds to the nodes of the graph as the attribute of the nodes. This representation fully makes use of the statistical characteristic of the local face feature and utilizes Gabor transform to present the topographical structure of face image. So DAG has more general property.⑥Based on the DAG presentation, we give a DAG matching function and matching algorithm. During the design of the function and algorithm, the noise factor, e. g., lighting, scale and rotation pose are considered and tried to be eliminated. So the algorithm can give more general property.⑦A general face image recognition system is implemented. The experiment show the system can get better recognition performance under the noise surrounding of lighting, scale and rotation pose.

本文在上述研究的基础上，取得了如下主要研究成果：①构造了一个通用的人脸轮廓模型表示，解决了由于人脸图象尺度、旋转等因素而使得仅用单一轮廓表示无法正确提取人脸轮廓的问题，并给出了模型内、外能函数的定义，同时给出了模型的全局与局部匹配算法，实验表明，使用这种表示形式以及匹配算法，能够较好地提取人脸图象的轮廓，可实际用于人脸图象的分割；②深入分析了PCA方法的识别机制，得出不同成象条件下的人脸图象构成不同的人脸图象空间的结论，同时指出这也是造成PCA方法通用性较差的本质原因，并给出了不同人脸空间距离的一种度量方法，使用该度量方法能够直观地对人脸图象空间进行分析；③构造了各种尺度模板、旋转姿势模板以用于探测待识人脸图象的尺度、旋转角度，实验结果表明，探测精确度很高，从而有利于人脸图象特征提取，以及图象的有效表示；④构造了人脸图象的各局部特征模板，用于人脸图象局部特征的探测；同时提出了一种新的人脸图象局部特征探测法---逐步求精定位法，实验结果表明，使用这种方法能够精确地得到人脸图象各局部特征的位置；⑤提出了一种新的人脸图象表示法---双属性图表示法；利用属性图来表示人脸图象，并提取图节点对应图象位置的局部主成分特征系数以及Gabor变换系数作为图节点的属性，这种表示方法充分利用了人脸图象的局部特征的统计特性，并且使用Gabor变换来反映人脸图象的拓扑结构，从而使得双属性图表示法具有较强的通用性；⑥在双属性图表示的基础上，给出双属性图匹配函数及匹配算法，在函数及算法设计过程中，考虑并解决了光照、尺度、旋转姿势变化等因素对人脸图象识别的影响，使得匹配算法具有较强的通用性；⑦设计并实现了一个通用的人脸图象识别系统，实验结果表明，该系统在图象光照、尺度、旋转姿势情况下，得到了较好的识别效果。

Based on the designing task, the paper gives a comparative analysis of current fault diagnosing methods such as reasoning-based, model-based, artificial neuron-based and case-based, The paper presents an intelligent diagnosing system composed of expert system and virtual apparatus where virtual apparatus is used as man-machine conversation interface to collect data and call expert-system and expert-system is the core for diagnosis analysis, elementally projecting the diagnosis system.

根据设计任务的要求，对现有的故障诊断方法：基于推理的方法、基于模型的方法、基于人工神经网络的方法、基于案例的方法等方法进行了对比分析，提出了以虚拟仪器作为人机对话界面及接收采集数据部分，专家系统作为诊断分析部分的核心，虚拟仪器调用专家系统进行分析的智能故障诊断系统，即专家系统加虚拟仪器的诊断系统。

Based on the data of aerosol chemical compositions obtained at WMO GAW (World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch) station in eastern China－Lin'An regional background air pollution monitoring station, two methods (referred as Malm method and Stelson method) that were described by Malm (Malm et al.,1994) and Stelson (Stelson and Seinfeld, 1981) were used to study the mass closure of sampled aerosols.

本文通过在WMO GAW 区域大气本底污染监测站－临安大气本底污染监测站采集的气溶胶样品的化学成分的分析结果，分别用Malm（1994）和Stelson（1981）提出的方法（分别记为Malm方法和Stelson方法）重建气溶胶质量浓度，并与称重获得的质量浓度进行对比，发现虽然Stelson和Malm方法所考虑的物质组成及所使用的化学成分个数并不相同，其计算结果略有差异，但总的来说两种方法都能较好的反映绝大部分的气溶胶质量，在实际应用中可以根据所分析的化学成分数据情况和研究的目的采用不同的质量重建方法。

The physiology of the skin machine body for the sake of the environment in the maintenance stability, but eject a body metabolism creation of metabolism thing BE'grease', summer perspire many various skin disease light or good, autumn perspire little metabolism thing metabolism don't go out, various skin disease made, this be the skin machine body of various burning disease.

皮肤机体的生理为了维持内环境稳定，而排出身体代谢产生的代谢物是'油泥'，夏天出汗多各种皮肤病就轻或好了，秋天出汗少代谢物代谢不出去，各种皮肤病就犯了，这就是皮肤机体的各种炎症。

If I had anything tender in me, I shot it dead.

如果我有什么招标的话，我枪死亡。