方法

And use the prior and more consummate ways to carry through vaneaccidence design, These ways have own technology points and disadvantage, In this paperstressly discuss the momentum-element theory way, this way was developed in the basic ofthe two ahead ways, and it overcome their defect. It also use element theory to deal withvane design. In the vane designing and aerodynamical characteristic calculating they bothrelate with intervene gene, so the keystone is to carry through the intervene gene in twocase, thereout to do the vane design and aerodynamical characteristic calculating.

运用翼型的基本概念和风力机叶片的基础外型参数进行叶片设计的预研讨论，并分别运用了Glauert和Schmitz叶片设计方法叶片进行初步设计，这两种方法有其各自技术特点和缺点，文中还着重研究了动量—叶素理论方法，这种方法在前两种设计方法的基础上发展而成，并采用两者的叶素研究方法进行叶片设计，动量叶素理论方法在进行叶片外型设计和叶片气动特性计算都涉及到干涉因子，文中重点对设计和计算情况下的干涉因子进行处理，并由此来设计叶片的外型和进行气动特性的计算。

The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

Being completely new methods , Rough Classifiers , Neutral Classifiers , and analysis of Extension Information have provided non-classical set analytic methods , and have filled the gap of traditional mathematic analytic methods .

特别提出了粗糙分类方法、软分类方法、发散性方法和蕴含性方法等崭新的数据挖掘方法，为建立动态的分析型信息系统提供了基于非经典集合的分析方法，弥补了经典数学分析方法的不足。

On summarizing the common methods of reinforcement and reconstruction,bring forward a series new methods of reinforcement and reconstruction -from extrados reinforcing Two-way Curved Arch Bridge,including mostly reinforcing vault and skewback critical sections,at the same time optimizing deck structure reinforcement method;only reinforcing skewbackreinforcement method;altering arched arch construction for beam-arched arch reinforcement method.and combining condition of health rating with reinforcement method,as for different quality grade to select different reinforcement method.

在总结常用加固改造方法的基础上，提出了系列新的加固改造方法—从拱背加固双曲拱桥，包括主要加强拱顶和拱脚两控制截面，同时优化桥面结构的加固方法；仅加强拱脚截面的加固方法；改拱式拱上建筑为梁拱式拱上建筑的加固方法。并把技术状况评定等级与加固方法结合起来，根据不同的质量等级选择不同的加固方法。

Based on the data of aerosol chemical compositions obtained at WMO GAW (World Meteorological Organization Global Atmospheric Watch) station in eastern China-Lin' an regional background air pollution monitoring station, two methods (referred as Malm method and Stelson method) that were described by Malm and Stelson were used to study the mass closure of sampled aerosols.

通过在WMO GAW区域大气本底污染监测站－临安大气本底污染监测站采集的气溶胶样品的化学成分的分析结果，分别用Malm(1994)和Stelson(1981)提出的方法（分别记为Malm方法和Stelson方法）重建气溶胶质量浓度，并与称重获得的质量浓度进行对比，发现虽然Stelson方法和Malm方法所考虑的物质组成及所使用的化学成分个数并不相同，其计算结果略有差异，但总的来说2种方法都能较好的反映绝大部分的气溶胶质量，在实际应用中可以根据所分析的化学成分数据情况和研究的目的采用不同的质量重建方法。

The paper considers that urban planning methodology is composed with three parts. They are philosophy foundation, noetic methodology and operational methods. The philosophy foundation of urban planning methodology under the framework of multi-rationality composes of Marxist philosophy with materialistic dialectic and historical dialectic as the core, western philosophy such as humanism, verificationism, and historism etc., oriental philosophy centralized on synthesis and unison. The noetic methodology of urban includes micro logical noetic methods macro visual noetic methods and micro-macro creative noetic methods. The urban planning operational method includes the route, process and techniques needed in practice.

其中，城市规划方法的哲学基础是在总体的复合理性框架之下，由以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为核心的马克思主义哲学，人本主义、实证主义、历史主义等西方哲学以及强调综合调和、天人合一的东方哲学思想所构成；城市规划思维方法体系，是城市规划过程中思考问题的角度及处理问题的方法论的总和，包括微观的逻辑思维方法、宏观的形象思维方法和宏微结合的创造性思维方；城市规划操作方法体系是直接用于城市规划实践的方法归纳和概括，包括城市规划的方法路线、程序组织、技术方法等等。

These concerns include logging method calls, timing method execution, retrying method execution, restricting or preventing changes to property values, rolling back property changes to a previous state, ensuring single thread execution of methods, asserting global conditions pre- and post-method-execution, allowing methods and properties to be observable, and recording method parameters and playing back method return values.

这些问题包括测井方法调用，方法的执行时间，重试方法执行，限制或阻止更改属性值，属性更改回滚到以前的状态，确保单一线程的执行方法，称全球条件前，后方法执行，允许方法和属性是观察，和方法的参数记录和播放方法的返回值。

As feature extraction acts an important role in pattern recognition system, we propose three novel feature extraction methods for HCCR: a、Two structural feature extraction methods, Stroke Cross Counting Features and Peripheral Features are studied. According to the characteristics of Chinese handwriting samples, we extend the SCCF and PF respectively to weighted elastic SCCF and weighted elastic PF. Experiments show that the modified feature extraction approaches are better than original approaches. b、A new statistical feature extraction method——Elastic Meshing Directional Decomposition Feature extraction is proposed. According to the stroke statistical properties of Chinese character, we first decompose a handwritten character pattern into four directional subpatterns. Then a set of elastic meshes are applied to each of the four subpatterns respectively to extract the pixel distribution features.

统计识别方法：利用统计模式识别的经典方法——Bayes分类方法来进行汉字识别的研究，特征提取是统计模式识别的关键，本文着重围绕手写体汉字的特征分析和提取方法进行了研究，提出了三种特征提取的新方法： a、两种改进的结构特征提取方法：在笔划密度特征和外围特征的基础上，结合手写体汉字的特点，提出了加权非均匀笔划密度特征、加权非均匀外围特征的特征提取新方案； b、一种新的统计特征提取方法——弹性网格方向分解特征，根据汉字方块字的特点及笔划分布的统计特征，对手写体汉字进行横竖撇捺四方向的分解，并利用一系列的弹性网格对汉字分解后各分量的象素进行统计而提取特征，实验证明该特征提取方法用来进行手写体汉字识别是十分可行和有效的。

One pair of primers that amplified the gB gene of pseudorabies viruswas designed and synthesized.PCR technique detecting the DNA of PRV was established after selecting the best reaction conditions.This technique was applied to specifically amplify the 281 bp DNA fragment of the PRV strains including Fa,Fb,Bartha,BJ,GD,V2F4,S,S3,SR,Buk,Shope,Norden,Mink Ⅲ,HB,F8,F9 and F12 in cultured samples.The negative results were achieved from Vero cells,swine vesicular disease virus,hog cholera virus,Japanese encephalitis virus,porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,porcine parvovirus,foot and mouth disease virus F29 strain,O3I3 strain,T509 strain and O Ⅱ MF249 strain.The results of sequencing showed that the PCR method was of specificity.The sensitivity of PCR reached 15.8 pg of PRV Fa strain DNA.The tissue samples obtained during 1994 and 2000 were detected,and the results showed that the sensitivity of PCR was more sensitive than virus isolation and the Sandwich ELISA.The PCR was applied to detect 191 tissue samples from 31 pig farms obtained from Guangdong,Fujian,Hainan Provinces during 1999 and 2000,50 samples(26.2%)were positive and 22 pig farms(71%)were positive.

根据伪狂犬病病毒gB基因的序列，设计并合成了一对引物，以闽A株细胞培养毒为模板，筛选最佳反应条件，建立了检测PRV的PCR方法应用该方法对Fb、Bartha、BJ、GD、V2F4、S、S3、SR、Buk、Shope、Norden、MinkⅢ、HB、F8、F9、F12等毒株的细胞培养液进行基因扩增，均获得了分子量为 2 81bp的特异性目的DNA片段，而对Vero细胞与FMDV、SVDV、HCV、PRRSV、JEV、PPV等病毒进行检测，结果均为阴性，没有出现交叉反应对PRV毒株扩增的产物测序，结果序列与文献报道一致，证明PCR扩增产物和方法的特异性对 1994～ 2 0 0 0年期间送检的临床样品和保存的PRV毒种，用病毒分离、双抗体夹心ELISA和PCR等 3种方法进行检测，结果前 2种方法检测为阳性的，PCR检测均为阳性；PCR检测为阴性，前 2种方法检测也为阴性；可是，前 2种方法检测为阴性的，PCR却检测出部分阳性；经x2 检验，证明PCR检出率明显高于前 2种方法的检出率对PRV闽A株细胞毒提取物DNA进行检测，其最低检出量为 15 8pg 对 1999～ 2 0 0 0年期间广东、福建、海南等省的 31个大中型猪场送检的 191份病料进行检测。

Main points of the thesis are as follows:(1) The main function models and information relations between these models in the CAPP system in the integrated CAD/CAM project are explained, a new process plan design method is mentioned based on analyses of process plan design. This method is based on the process plan prototype, and develops the prototype little by little until the perfect process plan is completed, the prospect of this method is discussed;(2) The feature abstracting rules and methods are studied, a feature coding system is developed based on GT, all the defined feature models are described by the mathematical methods;(3) The integrated method of CAD/CAPP based on features is mentioned, this method defines a feature exchanging model, and develops an interface software to exchange design data into technology data base, this technology data base includes the design and technology information of the parts;(4) The process plan reasoning method based on features is created, this method uses Mycin algorithm to solve the reasoning of the feature process plan. A process plan making system is developed. In this system part process plan is made by the semi-intelligent method, this method uses the feature reasoning, feature process chain searching and man-computer talking together;(5) The main structure of the HOPE system is introduced, a shaft drawing and its process plan made by this system are shown, the data process problem in process drawing making is also discussed;(6) A new method of describing process rule is introduced, this method uses IfThen rules and neural nets weight values together to describe process rules, the BP algorithm is adopted in this method;(7) The optimal machining sequence problem of the process steps on the same fixturing is discussed, optimal algorithms SA is applied to solve this problem, the result shows that this method is more efficient than the traditional method;(8) All jobs in the thesis are summarized. In order to carry out the research in the future, some rational proposals are given.

全文论述的内容主要有下列几个方面：(1)较为系统地阐述了CAD／CAM一体化工程项目中CAPP系统的主要功能模块及其信息流程，在分析工艺设计过程的基础上，提出了基于特征原型的渐进式工艺设计方法，并探讨了该方法的应用前景；(2)研究了零件特征提取的原则和方法，在成组技术的基础上，开发了一套基于特征的分类编码系统，并在提取零件特征的基础上，定义了零件特征的数据模型，开发了基于轴类零件特征的参数化设计系统；(3)研究了基于特征的CAD／CAPP集成的方法，通过定义零件特征数据模型的存储结构，开发了将设计数据转换到工艺数据库中的接口程序，为后续的CAPP系统提供必要的零件形状和工艺信息；(4)研究了基于特征的工艺推理方法，将Mycin算法应用到工艺决策中，开发了基于特征的工艺推理及工艺方案生成系统，在系统中综合运用特征推理、特征加工工艺链查询及人机对话相结合的半智能化方法确定零件加工工艺；(5)介绍了整个HOPE系统的总体结构，通过运行HOPE系统绘出了一轴类零件的零件图，并生成了该零件的加工工艺方案，初步探讨了基于特征的工序图生成技术中数据处理问题；(6)研究了工艺设计过程中知识如何有效表示的问题，提出了将显式的IF-THEN规则表示与隐式神经网络权值表示相结合的工艺知识表示方法，并利用BP算法进行了工艺知识表示的初步研究；(7)研究了工艺设计过程中同一安装下工步优化排序问题，利用神经网络中基于模拟退火的理论来解决该工步优化排序问题，实践证明该方法较传统的算法具有更高的效率；(8)总结了本文所进行的研究工作，为今后进一步开展工作提出了较为合理的建议。

The physiology of the skin machine body for the sake of the environment in the maintenance stability, but eject a body metabolism creation of metabolism thing BE'grease', summer perspire many various skin disease light or good, autumn perspire little metabolism thing metabolism don't go out, various skin disease made, this be the skin machine body of various burning disease.

皮肤机体的生理为了维持内环境稳定，而排出身体代谢产生的代谢物是'油泥'，夏天出汗多各种皮肤病就轻或好了，秋天出汗少代谢物代谢不出去，各种皮肤病就犯了，这就是皮肤机体的各种炎症。

If I had anything tender in me, I shot it dead.

如果我有什么招标的话，我枪死亡。