抗生素

The development of antibiotics agents and β-lactam antibiotics were briefly described in this paper, both the development of cephalosporins and the characteristics of Cefradine were introduced. The synthesis of Cefradine was studied particularly.

本论文简述了抗生素及β—内酰胺类抗生素的发展概况，详细介绍了头孢菌素类抗生素的进展与第一代头孢菌素类药物——头孢拉定的特点，着重研究了头孢拉定的合成。

METHODS:All data related to use of antibiotics was collected from Financial Office and Pharmaceutic Section in our hospital.

对1996年～2001年间我院各项经济收入、药品销售收入所占全院业务收入的比例、抗生素销售收入所占药品销售收入的比例等数据进行统计，并进一步分析药品品种与抗生素品种比例状况以及销售排序前15位药品的应用状况，以反映我院抗生素用药现状。

"The ast use of makes the statement that they seem to be effectie in reducing symptoms or preenting relapse, or they would hae been abandoned," Leopold and colleagues write."Another important possibility is that many patients hae self-limited disease that will resole regardless of treatment, and their physicians could be prescribing what they think will work."

"抗生素的广泛使用造成了这样一种认识：抗生素有助于缓解症状或预防复发，或者是抗生素的使用是不受限制的" Leopold及其同事在研究中这样写到"另一种重要的可能性是许多患者患上一些不需要治疗即可痊愈的自愈性疾病，而他们的医生则可能开局一些他们认为有效的处方"。

"This development is extremely important both to patients and to the public health in general," AAAAI President Michael Schatz, MD, said during the press briefing."This permits us to provide better care of our patients by allowing us to identify the individuals who can safely take penicillins. The alternative effective antibiotics they may otherwise be prescribed are usually more expensive. From a public health perspective, these alternative antibiotics are also broader spectrum, which can contribute to overall antibiotic resistance." Dr. Schatz is also the chief of allergy at Kaiser Permanente in San Diego, California.

AAAAI的总裁Michael Schatz医师在记者会中表示，这项研发对於患者及一般大众的健康都非常的重要；这项试剂产品可以让我们确认有哪些患者可以安全的接受盘尼西林治疗，藉此我们可以对患者提供更好的照护；其他可用的抗生素一般而言都会比较贵，从大众保健的议题来看，其他的抗生素范围广泛，会造成整体的抗生素抗药性；Schatz医师同时也是圣地牙哥Kaiser Permanente的过敏科主任。

Most of the orofacial infections are odontogenic. Appropriate antibiotic treatment is one of the important managements. The aim of this study is to obtain information about the bacteriologic features and antimicrobial susceptibility in odontogenic infection. 284 patients with odontogenic infection were reviewed.

颜面部感染大多是齿源性感染，治疗上除病源齿治疗及手术引流外，适当的抗生素治疗也是必须的，本研究即在了解於本科就医之齿源性感染患者其细菌学及抗生素敏感性试验的结果，以作为经验性抗生素选择的参考。

objective to analyze the drug resistance of staphylococcus aureusand provide suggestion for clinical rational use of antibiotics.methods secretion of those neonates suffered primary skin soft tissue infection and admitted during june,2005 to december,2007 was cultured and 113 strains of staphylococcus aureus were detected.we used k-b diffusion methods to determine their susceptibility to the common used antibiotics.results resistance rates of staphylococcus aureus to ampicillin/sulbactam,penicillin-g and cefazolin were 14.2%,40.7%and 6.2% respectively; there was no vancomycin-resistant strain.conclusion the resistance of staphylococcus aureus is not a serious problem in neonatal dermatic soft tissue infection.local treatment is the major approach in clinic,while general anti-infection consisting mainly of penicillin and first generation cephalosporin is chosen to avoid resistance mutation of staphylococcus aureus resulted from abuse of antibiotics.

多重聚合酶链反应快速鉴别葡萄球菌及。。。乳腺脓肿分离到葡萄球菌的鉴定和药敏。。。目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性，指导临床合理用药。方法对我院2005年6月至2007年12月新生儿原发性皮肤软组织感染患儿的分泌物进行培养，共检出金黄色葡萄球菌113株，并采用kb纸片扩散法对其进行常用抗生素的药敏试验。结果金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、青霉素g及头孢唑啉的耐药率分别为14.2%、40.7%和6.2%，未发现耐万古霉素金黄色葡萄球菌。结论在新生儿皮肤软组织感染中金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药问题并不十分严重，临床处理应以局部为主，全身抗感染治疗宜以青霉素及i代头孢类抗生素为主，避免过度使用抗生素加速金葡菌的耐药突变。

We selected mecA gene and femA factor asβ-lactam antibiotic-resistant genes, ermA, ermC, msrAgene as macrolides-lincosamids antibiotic-resistant genes, norA, grlA, gyrA, gene as Quinolonesantibiotic-resistant genes, and tetM gene as Tetracycline antibiotic-resistant genes on the basis of the latestresearch. We designed primers with GenBank enunciable gene sequence, cloned the drug resistantgenes, and sequenced these genes.

根据国内外最新文献报道，筛选出对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药的mecA基因及辅助因子femA；对大环内酯类及林可霉素类抗生素耐药的ermA、ermC、msrA基因，对喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药的norA、grlA和gyrA基因及对四环素类抗生素耐药的tetM基因作为拟选的主要耐药基因，分别设计PCR扩增的特异性引物，进行克隆。

Contrasting with the control strain of Shigella sonnei, the test strain could be higher antibiotics rate, and it could not be agglutinated by several anti-sera to Shigella sonnei, which were in the period of validity, but the control strain could be well agglutinated.

检测试验菌株的生化特性和对抗生素的敏感性，以及用多种批号的诊断血清进行凝集试验。结果：具有典型的宋内氏志贺菌的生化特性；与对照菌相比，有较高抗生素耐药性，对复方新诺明等多种抗生素耐药。

85 And 119486/79. They are a novel type of antibiotic having both the wide antibacterial spectrum and high safety of penicillin and cephem antibiotics belonging to beta -lactam antibiotics, as well as the potent antibacterial activity and high beta -lactamase stability of carbapenem antibiotics.Sodium-(5R, 6S)-6-[-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-3- [-2-tetrahydrofuryl]-4-thia-1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] hept-2-ene-2-carboxylate 5/2 hydrate (faropenem sodium, hereinafter referred to as compound 1) is currently used as an oral drug for various infectious diseases and is reported to show potent antibacterial activity against not only methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae but also gram-positive bacteria for which conventional beta -lactam drugs have proved ineffective such as penicillin-resistant pneumococci, oral staphylococci and enterococci, also showing a wide antibacterial spectrum covering gram-negative bacteria such as Haemophilus influenzae and anaerobic bacteria such as the genus Bacteroides, which activity is due to its novel skeleton penem ring (Kagaku Ryoho no Ryoiki The Field of Chemotherapy, Vol.

他们是一种新型的抗生素都具有广泛的抗菌谱和高度的安全青霉素和cephem抗生素，属于β-内酰胺类抗生素，以及作为强大的抗菌活性和高β-内酰胺酶稳定的碳青霉烯类antibiotics.sodium -（ 5 R ， 6 S ）-6 -[ - 1 -羟乙基] - 7 -氧- 3 - [ - 2 - t etrahydrofuryl] - 4 -硫杂- 1 -氮杂双环[ 3 。2.0]庚- 2 -节能- 2 -羧酸5 / 2水合物（法罗培南钠，以下简称为化合物1 ）是目前用来作为口服药物，为各种传染病和报道，以显示强大的抗菌活性，不仅对甲氧敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌，链球菌pyrogenes和肺炎链球菌，但也克阳性菌为常规β-内酰胺类药物已证明无效，如青霉素耐药pneumococci ，口腔葡萄球菌和肠球菌，也显示出广泛的抗菌谱，包括革兰阴性菌如流感嗜血杆菌和厌氧菌如属杆菌，这活动是由于其新颖的骨架青霉烯环（（化学ryoho没有ryoiki领域的化疗），第13卷，第10号，第74-80 ， 1997年）。

The results showed that Kaidimycin was chemically neutral, macrocylic polylactones, stable and liable to dissolve into water and pyridine, slight to dissolve into methanol, ethanol and N-butanol, difficult to dissolve into ethyl acetate, acetone, benzene and chloroform. Chemical reaction of functional group of Kaidimycin showed that it had glycoside, amino acid and aldehyde, no reducing sugar, polypeptide and phenol.

凯地菌素属中等极性的、中性抗生素，极性纸层析结果与多烯类抗生素的纸层析结果相似：易溶于水、吡啶，微溶于甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇，不溶于乙酸乙酯、丙酮、苯、三氯化碳；对高温、光照和紫外处理有很好的稳定性；官能团反应试验结果发现，凯地菌素可能含有糖苷键、氨基酸伯氨基和醛基，不含有还原糖、多肽和酚基，高锰酸钾、浓硫酸反应与多烯大环内酯类抗生素的特性相似；并且依据纯品，采用生物法和分光光度法对摇床发酵液进行了效价的测定。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。