应变

In addition, some experience formulas for them are regressed. The third chapter establishes a unified S-N curve equation to calculate multi-axial fatigue ultimate strength of concrete considering both the effect of confinement and minimum/maximum stress ratio, based on the triaxial fatigue test data in this paper and the test results under uniaxial and biaxial fatigue loading in previous literatures. Moreover, the consistency of calculating condition fatigue ultimate strength with fatigue life distribution and initial ultimate strength distribution is analyzed.

第二章简要地介绍了本文三轴疲劳试验装置，进行了两向等侧压约束下混凝土立方体试件三轴受压等幅和变幅疲劳试验，分析了三轴受压疲劳破坏机理，给出了相应的疲劳破坏试验判断标准；得到了混凝土在两向侧压约束下单级和多级受压疲劳的变形发展规律，包括最大纵向应变、残余应变、最大纵向应变率和疲劳变形模量等随循环次数的发展规律以及疲劳损伤的演变规律，并给出了相应的经验公式。

The principle and method of measuring shafting bending strain using strain gauge is presented in this paper, followed by experiment made on marine shafting bench. Results show that bending strain in shafting is mainly sinusoid with rotating frequency, except under higher resonance speed.

介绍了采用应变计测量轴系动态弯曲应变的原理与方法，并在船舶轴系试验台上进行了实验测量，结果表明：除了在较高的共振转速下，轴段上的弯曲应变以轴频简谐量为主。

The scale-value, which is converted from the bore-hole strain, by nse of the observed values in tidal frequency band of the bore-hole strain and the elastic coefficients of the bore-hole corescan can be used for coverting non-tidal variation of the bore-hole strain into variation of the non-tidal stress of the same stratum.

顾梦林 ，杨毅，骆鸣津利用钻孔应变观测值中潮汐频段部分和钻孔岩芯的弹性系数，将钻孔应变换算为地层应力的格值，用此格值可将钻孔应变的非潮汐变化换算成该地地层的非潮汐应力变化。

According to the entire theory of plastic mechanics,the relationship between equivalent stress and equivalent strain of circular chamber plastic zone in the complex stress state is deduced from nonlinear softening constitutive relation of rock under uniaxial compression.

依据塑性力学全量理论，将岩体单轴压缩的非线性软化本构关系推广，得到复杂应力状态下圆形硐室围岩塑性区的等效应力与等效应变关系；籍以求得应变非线性软化的圆形硐室围岩塑性区半径、弹塑性区应力、应变和位移；进而求得相应情况下的硐室围岩平衡方程、地应力与硐室周边位移关系以及围岩压力方程。

The company's product line is mainly divided into: strain force / weight sensors, strain gauge torque / force many sensors and transmitters, strain sensors and fluid pressure-type transmitter and sensors with high precision strain gauge resistive products such as .

公司的产品线主要分为：应变式测力／称重传感器、应变式扭矩／多分力传感器及变送器、应变式流体压力传感器及变送器和传感器用高精度电阻式应变计等产品。

The results show that with the increase of strain rate, the grain sizes of thermal simulation AZ31B alloys with different deformation all decrease; however, when other conditions are the same, the higher deformation will lead to the formation of the smaller grain size, and as the cooling intensity decreases, typical cast structure of AZ31B will appear. With the decrease of roll casting temperature, the dendritic size of roll casting AZ31B alloy sheet prepared by the same strain rate is also reduced, but with the increase of strain rate, the dendritic size of the alloy sheet prepared by the same initial roll casting temperature is decreased, and the tendency of dendritic streamline is strengthened. During the roll casting process of AZ31B alloy, rolling force should not be large, otherwise it will cause heat cracking.

研究结果表明：在不同应变量下，热模拟样品的晶粒粒度均随应变速率的增加而减小，而当其他条件相同时，变形量越大晶粒粒度越小，冷却强度降低，合金呈典型铸态组织；利用铸轧技术生产的AZ31B合金，当应变速率一定时，随着初始铸轧温度的降低，铸轧态板材的树枝晶粒度逐渐减小；而在初始铸轧温度一定时，随着应变速率的增大，铸轧态合金板材的树枝晶粒度也逐渐减小；而随着应变速率的提高，树枝晶沿轧向呈流线状排列的趋势增强；在AZ31B合金铸轧过程中，轧制力不能太大，否则容易引起热裂。

There are three constraints on the rheological structure of the lithosphere, namely, constant strain rate, constant tectonic force and the strainratedependent force. However they can not describe the realistic distribution of the strain rate in the lithosphere.

对目前存在的3种应变率约束条件（常应变率，常构造力，与应变率有关的构造力约束）进行了讨论，它们都不能真实地反映岩石圈内的应变率分布及实际观测。

The status of strain grid measuring research in the world and the importance of strain grid measuring technology to FLD are summarized.

综合分析了国内外网格应变测量的研究情况以及应变测量对于FLD的重要性及意义，设计了专门的网格应变用显微测量仪，并选择了合适的CCD和图像采集卡，构成了板料网格应变显微测量的桌面系统。

The testing outcome of strain gauge FeCrAl was given in the end, the curve of Kanthal A-1 and china strain gauge which change with the temperature is given also.

最后，给出FeCrAl应变片的试验结果，对比了Kanthal A-1应变片和中国应变片的表面应变随温度的变化曲线。

The corresponding relations between the strain of the static state and dynamic cycle load and the volume resistance of the short chopped carbon fibers, short chopped carbon mat, unidirectional carbon fibers reinforced vinyl resin composites is existed. The physical modes of these kinds of composites are also designed based on the experiment data. The resistance and strain of the short chopped fibers reinforced vinyl composites satisfy the equation of y =A + Bx + Cx~2 in the static strain test method and the short chopped mat reinforced vinyl composites is y = A + Bx.

短切碳纤维、短切碳纤维毡、单向碳纤维增强乙烯基酯树脂复合材料在静态和动态循环载荷下，应变与电阻之间有较好的对应性，同时根据实验数据，建立了不同条件下该复合材料应变和电阻变化规律的物理模型，短切碳纤维增强乙烯基酯树脂复合材料在静态拉伸时电阻与应变之间满足：y=A+Bχ+Cχ~2；碳纤维毡增强乙烯基酯树脂复合材料在静态拉伸破坏时电阻与应变之间满足：y=A+Bχ。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。