关节

The zygapophyseal joints bear different types of loads such as compression, traction, shearing and torsion.

颈椎关节突关节承受压缩、牵拉、剪切和扭转等不同类型的载荷，双侧关节突关节和椎间盘构成了运动节段的稳定。

So far, only a few reports can be seen which indicate cervical biomechanical change caused by ADR, and no experiment and clinical study have been undertaken on the affects versus ACF on inferior segment zygapophyseal joints.

第一章 成人下颈椎椎体与关节突关节倾角X线测量及其意义目的：测量成人下颈椎(C_3～C_7)关节突关节的倾角，为影像学提供参考数据，探讨年龄因素对倾角的影响。

Department of orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central-south University, Changsha, China3 Objectives: To study cervical adjacent zygapophyseal joint stress distribution following two level ADR and ACDF on, in order to provide biomechanical reference for clinical application of two level ADR. Methods: Eleven healthy adult fresh-frozen multi-segmental cervical spine segments were utilized in this study and biomechanically evaluated under the following C4/5, C5/6 cervical disc conditions:⑴intact spine;⑵he Bryan Disc prosthesis implantation;⑶the intervertebral fusion.

取11具新鲜完整的成人下颈段标本，按实验先后分别制成C4/5、C5/6椎间盘完整、椎间盘置换、椎间融合三个模型组，在标本上施加轴向分级载荷，将微型阻电式压力传感器置入C5/6、C6/7关节突关节内，测量合组各分级载荷下C5/6、C6/7关节突关节内的压力。

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint (like the hip, but not as stable) and since your shoulder moves every time you move your arm, it is not difficult to imagine that shoulder problems could affect 15% to 30% of adults at any one time, and are a common reason for a visit to the physio.

肩关节本身是球窝关节（就像髋关节一样，但是稳定性欠缺），既然肩关节的活动是如此的频繁，那么有15%~30%的成年人存在各类肩关节问题也就不算奇怪了。因此寻求物理治疗就显得很有必要。

Abstractive】 objective to investigate the diagnostic superiorty and therapeutic efficiancy of arthroscopic debridement for the osteoarthritis of the knee.methods 65 cases（74 knee） of senile osteoarthritis of the knee were debrided under arthroscopy with local anesthesia.the procedures included removal of hyperplastic membrance and raw surface of degenerated cartilage,repairing the meniscus,and reshaping of the intercondylar fossa.results 55 cases（67 knee） were followed up for 20 months in average.the pain was relieved and the function of the knee joint was restored in most patients.

目的 探讨关节镜下清理术治疗骨性关节炎的诊断价值及治疗效果。方法对65例（74膝）膝关节骨性关节炎患者采用局麻下行关节清理术，手术清理增生炎性滑膜，清理退变剥脱的软骨及打磨软骨创面，修整损伤半月板，取出关节内游离体、碎骨屑及炎性介质，髁间窝成形术解除撞击及磨损前交叉韧带。结果随诊55例（67膝），随访时间6～42个月，平均20个月，多数患者临床症状消失或者疼痛症状减轻，关节功能明显改善。

Results T-2 toxin could cause rat articular chondroncytes degeneration, necrosis, and appeared many blank areas free cells. Weigert/Van Gieson staining showed obvious collagen fasciculi emergence could be seen. Scanning electronic microscope showed the surface of articular cartilage was wave and rough. Collagen fasciculi ruptured and stack up, and presented a typical 揳rticular dryness?phenomenon. ELISA results indicated, at the stage of 3 month, the level of rat serum CTX-II in T-2 toxin group was higher than that in control group, and the difference had a markedly significance.

结果 T－2毒素可致大鼠关节软骨细胞变性、坏死，出现大面积无细胞区，胶原染色可见明显的&胶原显现&；扫描电镜显示，关节面起伏不平，表面粗糙，胶原纤维断裂、剥脱，关节表面布满裂片状凸起，呈典型的关节&干燥&现象；ELISA检测结果表明， T-2毒素组大鼠血清CTX-II水平在3个月时较对照组明显增加，差异具有统计学意义。

Protection of Joints: Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate maintain cartilage elasticity and repair damaged joint tissues. Fish oil relieves pains in the joints and contributes to healthy joints

关节保护：添加葡萄糖胺、硫酸软骨素，维持软骨的弹力，修复损坏的关节组织，配合深海鱼油缓解关节疼痛，保护关节健康

Keep favourable sitting and lying posture, avoids the long time being in the sagging position, Stretch thoroughly articular capsule and muscle tendon surrounding arthrosis from shoulder orderly to elbow、wrist joint and each fingerweb. Attent to match external rotation when shoulder joint were abducting.

同时加强患侧上肢无痛范围的被动和主动运动，保持良好的坐卧姿势，避免长时间手处于下垂位，依次从患侧肩，肘，腕关节至掌指，指间各关节，使关节囊和关节周围肌腱充分伸展。

The first prosthesis for total replacement of the distal radio-ulnar joint, the joint between the long bones of the forearm in the wrist area, has been implanted in a patient in Hospital MAZ, in a procedure designed to offer strength and mobility to wrist-pain sufferers.

第一种用于远端桡骨－尺关节（这个关节位于前臂长骨腕关节之间）完全置换的假体，已经在西班牙MAZ医院(Zaragosa， Spain)的1例患者手术中进行了移植，该手术设计用于为腕关节疼痛患者提供力量和灵活性。

Shoulder joint angle and wrist joint angle changes have nothing to do with shooting distance; shoulder joint angle speed and wrist angle joint angle speed have nothing to do with shooting distance.

四、 不同距离投篮肩关节角度、腕关节角度变化与距离远近无关；肩关节角速度、腕关节角速度变化与距离远近无关。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。