允诺

But contracts were enforced in the common-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief.

但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。

B Benefit and detriment Historically, the mon law action of debt was said to require a quid pro quo, and that requirement may have led to statements that consideration must be a benefit to the promisor But contracts were enforced in the mon-law action of assumpsit without any such requirement; in actions of assumpsit the emphasis was rather on the harm to the promisee, and detrimental reliance on a promise may still be the basis of contractual relief See 90 But reliance is not essential to the formation of a bargain, and remedies for breach have long been given in cases of exchange of promise for promise where neither party has begun to perform Today when it is said that consideration must involve a detriment to the promisee, the supposed requirement is often qualified by a statement that a "legal detriment" is sufficient even though there is no economic detriment or other actual loss It is more realistic to say simply that there is no requirement of detriment

b收益和损害。从历史来看，普通法上的债的行为被认为要求一个等价物，而且这一要求还可能导出这样的结论：约因必须是允诺人获益。但在缺乏这一要求的契约在普通法上的违约之诉中仍然得到执行；在违约之诉中，强调的是对受允诺人的损害，而且对允诺的有害依赖可能仍然是契约救济的基础。参见第90条。但是信赖对协商的成立并非必要性因素，而且在任何一方当事人均未开始履行的允诺交换允诺的案例中，早已规定了违约救济。现在，当有人认为约因必须包括一个对于受允诺人的损害时，其假设的要求经常由此表述得以满足："一个"法律上的损害即使在没有经济损害或者其他实际损失的情况下仍然是充分的。认为没有对于损害的要求的主张是更加现实的。

And this research also study the issue that orders quantity is different from reserved capacity quantity and propose a management mechanism. Finally, by the actual foundry industry example to proof the mechanism is practicable.

本研究提出的改良方法，是根据客户所获得的预留产能，将其均摊至各周作为订单允诺的基础，也就是说每个客户每周的可允诺量是固定的，而不会受到订单早来或晚来的影响，以改善实务上先进先出法的缺点。

It is hard to imagine that a jury would require much to convince them that the hirer of a horse to ride from London to York had received a warranty that it was sound; on the other hand, a warranty that wool or seed came from a particular source might require far stronger evidence.

试译：很难想象需要用大量的证据来让陪审团确信一个要骑马从伦敦去约克的租马人得到的是一个马匹健全的允诺；另一方面，一个羊毛和种子来源特别的允诺将需要更加强有力的证据。

See § 31. hence it has sometimes been said that consideration must consist of a "benefit to the promisor" or a "detriment to the promisee"; it has frequently been claimed that there was no consideration because the economic value given in exchange was much less than that of the promise or the promised performance;"mutuality of obligation" has been said to be essential to a contract.

参见第31条。因此，约因有时会被认为必须由"允诺人的利益"或者"受允诺人的损害"构成；经常会有这样的主张：因为所交换的经济价值要远远少于允诺或者被允诺的履行中的经济价值，所以约因并不存在："义务的均等"被认为对一个契约而言具有必要性。

Hence it has sometimes been said that consideration must consist of a "benefit to the promisor" or a "detriment to the promisee"; it has frequently been claimed that there was no consideration because the economic value given in exchange was much less than that of the promise or the promised performance;"mutuality of obligation" has been said to be essential to a contract.

参见第31条。因此，约因有时会被认为必须由"允诺人的利益"或者"受允诺人的损害"构成；经常会有这样的主张：因为所交换的经济价值要远远少于允诺或者被允诺的履行中的经济价值，所以约因并不存在："义务的均等"被认为对一个契约而言具有必要性。

The doctrine of consideration requires that the promisor receive a benefit for the promise he makes and the promisee, while gaining the benefit of the promise, relinquish something or incur a detriment.

对价的原则要求允诺者因他所作的承诺而得利，而接受允诺者在从允诺中得利时，也有所舍弃或损失。

Estoppel : also called one should notrepudiate his commitment or eat off his words after promise made, it means according to the obligation of good faith, the promiser should abide by the donation or volunteer duty he promised, and the promise should be enforced.

允诺禁反言，又称之为允诺后不得翻供或不得自食其言，是指根据诚实信用义务，允诺人所作出的赠与允诺或无偿的允诺具有约束力，而须加以强制执行。

Even in the ordinary case of the exchange of promise for promise,§ 78 makes it clear that voidable and unenforceable promises may be consideration.

即使在允诺交换允诺的通常情况下，第78条也清楚地表明：可撤销的和不可执行的允诺也可能成为约因。

Instead of compelling promisors to perform their promise, the American system of contract remedies is designed to encourage promisees to rely on the promise of others and to provide relief to them in case of broken promise.

美国的合同救济制度旨在鼓励受约人信赖他人的允诺并且在立约人背弃允诺的时候提供救济，而不是强迫立约人来履行他的允诺。

It goes back to what I told you...

现在回到我告诉过你的。。。

With a supporter in Mr Charest and an admirer in Mr Dumont, Mr Harper may be encouraged to call an election himself.

由于在沙雷那边有个支持者，杜蒙那边有个崇拜者，鼓励哈珀为自己举行一次选举。