代替者

ETC equipment can take the place of a human toll collector who manually collects tolls at tollbooths.

ETC设备可以代替人工收费者在收费亭收取通行费。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，&国家&代替&帝国&，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

In short, the popular narrative of the pacifistic Buddhist Tibetans as the good guys and the Han Chinese as the bad-guy aggressors is the stuff of pure myth, pushed by union propagandists, lefty Hollywood do-gooders, and trendy sandal-wearing Western camp followers of the Dalai Lama, who has become a secularized yet "spiritual" substitute for Mother Theresa.

简而言之，作为好人和作为坏人的进攻者的Han 汉语的和平主义的佛的西藏语的受欢迎的故事是纯神话的材料，以协会宣传员推，左撇子的人好莱坞自以为是做好事，以及时髦穿凉鞋西对那些达赖喇嘛的随军人员，变得一使世俗化&精神&代替母亲特里萨。

For I am the LORD your God, the Holy One of Israel, your Saviour: I gave Egypt for your ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for you.

因为我是耶和华─你的神，是以色列的圣者─你的救主；我已经使埃及作你的赎价，使衣索比亚和西巴代替你。

"For I am the Lord your God, the Holy One of Israel, your saviour; I have given Egypt as a price for you, Ethiopia and Seba for you."

因为我是耶和华你的神，是以色列的圣者你的救主。我已经使埃及作你的赎价，使古实和西巴代替你。

1 For I am the LORD, your God, the Holy One of Israel, your savior. I give Egypt as your ransom, Ethiopia and Seba in return for you.

因为我是上主，你的天主；以色列的圣者，你的救主；我使埃及作你的赎价，以雇士和色巴来代替你。

For I am the LORD thy God, the Holy One of Israel, thy Saviour: I gave Egypt for thy ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for thee.

因为我是耶和华你的神，是以色列的圣者你的救主。我已经使埃及作你的赎价，使古实和西巴代替你。

For I am the LORD thy God, the Holy One of Israel, thy Saviour: I gave Egypt for thy raom, Ethiopia and Seba for thee.

43：3 因为我是耶和华你的神，是以色列的圣者你的救主。我已经使埃及作你的赎价，使古实和西巴代替你。

In this paper, we contribute an evolutionary heterogeneous beliefs model byusing t distribution to replace traditional standard normal to describe fundamen-tal price process and adding risk-adjusted market fraction function in classicaltwo types traders scheme. And then we utilizedifference equation stability and bifurcation theory and numerical simulation tostudy the system. It is found that the system has some styled facts (high kurto-sis、fat tali and long memory) of the actual financial market, and this indicatesthat the simulation model can reflect well the true financial market.

本文通过引入t分布代替原有的正态分布描述基础价格过程，引入经风险调整的投资者市场分数维函数取代原有的无风险调整的市场分数维函数，在经典的两类投资者(自主投资者和图表分析者)模拟模型框架下，建立了新的异质预期资产定价模型，利用差分方程稳定性和分支理论及数值模拟的方法对该系统进行理论分析和实证研究，发现模型具有真实金融市场的程式化事实(尖峰厚尾性，长记忆性等)，模拟效果较好。

Now, large chocks are usually used instead.

现在，通常使用大号的岩塞来代替。2 一种澳大利亚ARAPILES地区的攀登者使用的协助攀登的器材，很好用。

I'm strongly against the death penalty — it's an eye for an eye.

我不赞成死刑——这是以牙还牙的报复行为。

And to get you the support you need, we're enlisting all elements of our national power: our diplomacy and development, our economic might and our moral suasion, so that you and the rest of our military do not bear the burden of our security alone.

并给你们所须的支援，我们正徵召国家所有各种的力量：我们的外交及发展，我们的经济力量与道德劝说，所以你们与其他军人不须要孤独地负起国家安全的责任。