一致估计

The uniformization embeded Markov chain is used to study the sensitivity of a continuos-time Markov process. It is proved that sensitivity estimators provided by the embeded Markov chain have less variance.

提出了用一致化嵌入马氏链来研究连续时间马氏过程的灵敏度分析方法，证明了用嵌入马氏链不仅实现简单而且还可以减小灵敏度估计量的方差。

Large deviation principle; kernel density estimator; concentration inequality; Markov processes; uniformly integrable operators

基础科学，数学，概率论、数理统计大偏差原理；核密度估计量；集中不等式；马氏过程；一致可积算子

After two-cluster testing,branch length testing and relative rate testing ,two sequences(Melantitta nigra and Aythya americana) of 15 Cty b sequences were deleted because thek evolutionary rate were heterogeneous. The divergence between Anseriformes and Galliformes was chosen as an anchor point. Nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of 13 sequences data set was used to calibrated Anatidae molecular clocks. The results indicated that amino acid sequence is better than nucleotide sequence when divergence time is calculated with two kinds of sequences. The reliable divergence time of Anatidae were estimated with """"1+2TiTv"""" model.

经过二簇检验、分枝长度检验和相对速率检验，删除2条速率不恒定的序列后，用剩余的13条序列，以鸡形目与雁形目的分歧时间(89.8MYA)为锚定点，用顺序标定法标定鸭科鸟类分子钟的分析结果表明，用&1+2TiTv&分析得到的鸭科鸟类的分歧时间比较可靠；氨基酸序列用泊松校正模型和Γ模型估计的分类单元间的分歧时间则比较一致，表明氨基酸序列更适合用于鸭科鸟类分子钟的研究；用同一基因标定分子钟时，较长序列得到的结果标准误比较小；与核苷酸序列相比，氨基酸序列更适于用作分子钟的标定。

Atalan suppliers will be expected to provide the Allport origin partner, Cargo Services, with confirmation that a target vessel and estimated time of departure can be met.

ATALAN的供应商应提供所在地的所有港口的合作者，货代；确认目标班轮和估计开航日必须与你方所说一致。

Five-minute continuous cardiac contractility variability signal and heart rate variability signal were sampled from 20 healthy students' heart sound signals to study the stationary property of myocardial inotropism and chronotropism under quiescent status.

从时域分析和基于Marple算法的AR模型功率密度谱估计的结果看，心力变异性在形态上与心率变异性有着较大的相似性和较为一致的变化规律。

UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei's unbiased measures of genetic identity was assayed for five geographical groups of Elymus nutans, indicating that there was a significantly positive correlation between genetic differentiation and geographical habits among the five groups.

对各地理类群基于Nei氏无偏估计的遗传一致度的聚类分析表明，各地理类群间的遗传分化与其所处的地理生态环境具有较高的相关性。

The sampling dates of those isolates are congruent with the estimated lengths of 'unsampled ancestry' of the parents and, together with differences in provenance support the conclusion that S-OIV had three parents; one from North America, one from Europe and the third from Asia.

这些分离样本的抽样时间与&无样本祖先&家长时间估计长度一致，并与产地的不同这一点共同支持结论；即猪起源流感病毒有三位家长，一个来自北美，一个来自欧洲，第三个来自亚洲。

This is in line with similar estimates elsewhere.

这与其他地方的近似估计相一致。

At the end, using back-stepping technique, control laws are designed for each control variable to guarantee the globally uniformly ultimately boundedness of all state variables and the convergency of system output.

控制规律的设计仍采用反步法(Back-stepping)，对于每个不确定项，都设计了一个动态估计环节以应对其影响，最终保证了全部状态变量的一致最终有界性和系统输出的收敛性。

The results reveal that spectra obtained by different parametric methods are similar. The spectra of normal cells' voltage have only one noticeable lobe due to fluctuation of molten alumina at anodes, while spectra of other abnormal cells have one mainlobe and one sidelobe. In cells with carbon in bath the spectral mainlobe of cell voltage is still due to the fluctuation of molten alumina at anodes and the sidelobe is due to the fluctuation of carbon in bath; in cells with metal pad wave, the spectral mainlobe is due to metal pad waving and the sidelobe is still due to the fluctuation of molten alumina at anodes. Compared with wavelet packet analysis, spectral analysis is simpler and takes less time in calculation, which is a big merit in the large-scale application of online diagnosis systems of working conditions in aluminum reduction cells.

研究结果表明：不同的参数估计法得到趋于一致的频谱分析结果，正常槽只有1个尖锐谱峰，对应于阳极下熔融氧化铝涌动的特征峰，其他故障槽都有2个特征谱峰，即1个主峰和1个次峰，碳渣槽的主峰仍然对应着阳极下熔融氧化铝涌动特征峰，次峰对应悬浮碳渣的涌动特征峰；铝液波动槽主峰对应铝液波动特征峰，次峰对应着熔融氧化铝涌动的特征峰；频谱分析相对于小波包分析具有算法简单、耗时少、物理意义明确等特点，在槽况在线诊断系统的大规模推广中具有优势。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。