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The main creating aspects are finding and clarify such a fundamental physical process that the grain boundaries emit vacancies under compressive stress to induce solute non-equilibrium grain boundary dilution and absorb vacancies under tensile stress to induce non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation, formulizing the structural equations and the composition equations in force equilibrium in grain bounary region to describe this physical processes and the kinetic equations for non-equilibrium grain boundary segregation under tensile stress, calculating the modulus in grain boundary region from the expermental data of grain bounday segregation using the structure and coposition equations and calculating the diffusion coefficients of vacancy-solute atom complexes using the kinetic equation simulating the experimental results of grain boundary segregation.

本项目的主要创新点是，发现并阐明了弹性应力场作用下空位与晶界交互作用的基本物理过程：在张应力作用下，晶界会吸收空位，引起溶质非平衡晶界偏聚；压应力作用下，晶界会发射空位，引起非平衡晶界贫化。建立了描述此物理过程的晶界区力学平衡的结构方程和成分方程；？建立了张应力引起的非平衡晶界偏聚动力学方程？；用晶界区力学平衡的结构方程和成分方程？，首次通过实验测量计算出多晶材料晶界区的弹性模量；通过建立的动力学方程模拟实验结果，首次获得溶质原子－空位形成的复合体的扩散系数。

And he brought forth the people that were therein, and put them under saws, and under harrows of iron, and under axes of iron, and made them pass through the brick-kiln: and thus did he unto all the cities of the children of Ammon.

12：31 将城里的人拉出来，放在锯下，或铁耙下，或铁斧下，或叫他经过砖窑（或作强他们用锯，或用打粮食的铁器，或用铁斧作工，或使在砖窑里服役）。大卫待亚扪各城的居民都是如此。

And he brought forth the people that were therein, and put them under saws, and under harrows of iron, and under axes of iron, and made them pa through the brick-kiln: and thus did he unto all the cities of the children of Ammon.

12：31 将城里的人拉出来，放在锯下，或铁耙下，或铁斧下，或叫他经过砖窑（或作强他们用锯，或用打粮食的铁器，或用铁斧作工，或使在砖窑里服役）。大卫待亚扪各城的居民都是如此。

And he brought forth the people that were therein, and put them under saws, and under harrows of iron, and under axes of iron, and made them pass through the brick-kiln: and thus did he unto all the cities of the children of Ammon.

12：31 将城堛漱H、拉出来放在锯下、或铁耙下、或铁斧下、或叫他经过砖窰。〔或作强他们用锯或用打粮食的铁器或用铁斧作工或使在砖窰堛A役〕大卫待亚扪各城的居民、都是如此。

In the way of prophase preparing, this paper emphasizes the importance of full collecting inhering under pipe using no-dig horizontal directional drilling paving in the busy street and emphasizes the exploration technology being the main mean of inhering under pipe. Thus it can provide the main pledge measure of under pipe security and operator security.

在前期准备方面，本文强调在闹市区采用非开挖定向钻进铺设地下管线时全面收集原有地下管线资料的重要性，强调物探技术是对原有地下管线探查的重要手段，即保证原有地下管线安全性及操作人员人身安全的重要保证措施。

The damage and failure modes of brittle materials under tension and compression are different. The self-similar growth of open microcracks under tension, the frictional sliding, mode-n self-similar growth and kinking of closed microcracks under compression and their influences on the mechanical properties of materials are studied in detail.

在拉伸和压缩情况下微裂纹损伤机制和材料破坏模式都不相同，本文对张开微裂纹的自相似扩展和闭合微裂纹的摩擦滑移、自相似扩展、弯折扩展进行了详细的研究，分别给出了它们对材料的宏观力学性质的影响。

Of the nitrogen supplied as inorganic fertilizer is lost under two treatments, and 30% under FAR and 26% under RAR of which leaches to depths over 40 cm of soil profile. It is therefore necessary to understand whether leached nitrogen is utilizable by deep-rooted crops.

两种施肥处理均导致65%左右的氮素损失，其中习惯施氮和推荐施氮分别导致30%和26%的氮素淋洗到40 cm以下土层，为此有必要种植蔬菜后利用深根系粮食作物吸收土壤下层氮素来降低蔬菜生产对环境的影响。

Results show that microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen in fertilized soil peak in the first several days, and then decline. Incubating both sweet maize straw and white clover have the highest yield, maxima of 529.57 mgkg^(-1) and 75.50 mgkg^(-1) respectively. They also release respired CO2 the most among all treated soils. The best mineral nitrogen release is in white clover incubating, with a maximum of 29.81 mgkg^(-1) under a 26-day culture, and then keeping 1.60 times the control and reaching 2.48 times at 80-day culture. Sweet maize incubating has the least mineral nitrogen release. It is 13%~53% of the control under a 26-day culture, with a maximum of 7.51 mg kg^(-1). Soil nitrogen mineralization is insignificant under sweet maize incubating with urea in short-term.

研究发现，各施肥处理的土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮均在培养前期出现峰值，后期平稳降低；甜玉米桔秆和白三叶草绿肥同时还田的土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮在各培养时期均最大，峰值分别达529.57 mgkg^(-1)，和75.50 mgkg^(-1)，土壤呼吸产生的CO2最多；白三叶草绿肥单独还田有利于土壤无机氮的释放，培养第26d无机氮达到最大值，为29.81 mgkg^(-1)，之后一直在对照处理的1.60倍以上，第80d达到2.48倍；甜玉米秸秆单独还田不利于土壤无机氮的释放，培养的第26d至结束，甜玉米秸秆处理的无机氮为对照的13%~53%，最大为751 mgkg^(-1)；甜玉米秸秆配施尿素，短期内不利于土壤无机氮矿化。

Results show that microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen in fertilized soil peak in the first several days, and then decline. Intercropping Incubating both sweet maize straw and white clover have the highest yield, maxima of 529.57 mg·kg-1 and 75.50 mg·kg-1 respectively. They also release the most respired CO2 the most among all treated soils. The best mineral nitrogen release is in white clover intercroppingincubating, with a maximum of 29.81 mg·kg-1 under a 26-day culture, and then keeping 1.60 times the control and reaching 2.48 times at 80-day culture. Sweet maize incubatingintercropping has the least mineral nitrogen release. It is 13%~53% of the control under a 26-day culture, with a maximum of 7.51 mg·kg-1. Soil nitrogen mineralizatiomineralization is insignificant under sweet maize incubatingintercropping with urea in short-term.

研究发现，各施肥处理的土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮均在培养前期出现峰值，后期平稳降低；甜玉米秸秆和白三叶草绿肥同时还田的土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮在各培养时期均最大，峰值分别达529.57 mg·kg-1和75.50 mg·kg-1，土壤呼吸产生的CO2最多；白三叶草绿肥单独还田有利于土壤无机氮的释放，培养第26 d 无机氮达到最大值，为29.81 mg·kg-1，之后一直在对照处理的1.60倍以上，第80 d达到2.48倍；甜玉米秸秆单独还田不利于土壤无机氮的释放，培养的第26 d至结束，甜玉米秸秆处理的无机氮为对照的13%～53%，最大为7.51 mg·kg-1；甜玉米秸秆配施尿素，短期内不利于土壤无机氮矿化。

Concerning the opinions in field of theory that the insurer should be subrogated if compensation made for the insured when the loss and/or damage were not under the insurance coverage, this paper analyses and studies the legal nature of subrogation under insurance scope with that under contract law scope.

本文针对理论界存在的保险人对被保险人就非常保险责任范围内的赔偿可以取得代位求偿权的观点，对保险业中的代位求偿权和新合同法中规定的代位权的法律性质进行了分析研究。

As a dominant party,CPC government should play a guardian,supervisee and guarantee role to overcome all the difficulties in the development of charitable cause and bring it into full play in the establishment of harmonious society on policies and regulations basis.

在中国共产党的文献中第一次把发展慈善事业提到&最广泛最充分地调动一切积极因素，不断提高构建社会主义和谐社会的能力&的高度来认识。近年来，社会学界对慈善事业的理论专著发表较多，有鉴于此，笔者不揣浅陋，谈谈自己的认识和见解。

Flow through the land, the land of the scale of operation allows the effectiveness of the land may be raised.

通过土地的流转，土地的规模经营可以让土地的效益得到提升。