查询词典 pension

The Implicit Pension Debt is calculated by terminate hypothesis method: assumed that the "pay-as-you-go" pension system terminated immediately, computing all annuitant and employees pension rights, but not take account of the possible new obligation or income from pay or interest in the future, and then an actuarial model of Implicit Pension Debt is constructed.

本文采用了终止假定法计算养老金隐性债务：假定现收现付制度立即终止，计算所有养老金领取者和职工在原制度下积累起来的养老金权益数量，而不考虑可能的新债务或者来自未来的缴费或利息收入。

In this paper,using annuity theory and combining with State Department′s 'the decision of establishing consolidated corporation employee pension system',the actuarial model of pension substitute rate with different contributing years to employees is derived;moreover,using this model,simulation is tested,which has important theoretical significance and practical application value to calculating substitute rate and completing the China pension policy.

利用年金理论并结合1997年国务院《关于建立统一的企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》文件，得到我国职工在不同缴费年限下基本养老保险替代率精算模型，并利用该模型对基本养老保险替代率进行模拟分析。这对于明确我国当前基本养老保险替代率及完善基本养老保险政策具有重要的理论指导意义和实际应用价值。

Firstly, the thesis mainly deals with major social pension system problems of market economy such as its target and orientation, pattern and degree in the condition of market economy. Then, I analyze numerous systems that constitute the reform of social pension system such as system construction, mechanism construction and institution construction, expounding the social pension system"s reform from system, mechanism, and institution three aspects in the way of from exteriority to interiority, from far - side to near - side, from low - level to high -level.At last, I put forward specific train of thought about how to perfect the social pension system"s reform, Analyzing the specific train of thought constituting pension balance through the analysis of pension balance through the analysis of the prediction the revenue and expenditure of pension.Analyzing the particular train of thought that further adjusting and improving the basic social pension budget through real calculation and research. Analyzing the system bound and developing direction of free employees through actual research. All these have key practical and deeply strategic significance in enriching reform theory, exploring reform method, instructing reform practice, as well as promoting the coordination of society and economy.

本论文既从系统和环境的观点出发，研究了市场经济条件下养老保险改革的目标和方向、养老保险制度模式、养老保险保障程度等涉及养老保险体系基本定位的问题；又从整体和局部的关系出发，分析研究了构成养老保险改革的制度建设、机制建设和体制建设等诸多子系统，从制度、机制和体制建设三个层面由表及里，由近及远，从低层次到高层次，由微观到宏观论述养老保险改革；在此基础上，提出市场经济条件下完善养老保险改革的具体思路，通过实际测算和调研，研究基本养老金计发办法进一步调整和完善的具体思路；通过实际调研，研究灵活就业者参保的体制障碍和发展方向；通过基金收支预测实证分析，研究构建基金平衡机制的具体措施，探索论证养老保险改革思路的可行性；这对于丰富养老保险制度改革理论，探索改革思路，指导改革实践，促进社会经济协调发展，都具有重要的现实意义和深远的战略意义。

However, due to the large differences in economic development, social operation model, political system and cultural customs etc., there are many pecularities in China. We can see from the two following aspects: one is our the selection of pension institutions which possesses more character of "institutional dependency", and the determinative role of the evolvement of the pension structure on the choice of pension risk management mode can\'t directly be embodied, but the determinative role of the financial structure on overall the pension structure registers as the restriction of our financial system to the development of our private pension plans; the other one is that the magistral situation and product structure of traditional financial institutions, especially insurers, reflect our financial system is not quick to manage pension risk.

然而，由于我国在经济发展水平、社会运行模式、政治制度体制、社会文化习俗等方面与OECD国家存在较大的差异，我国养老金结构与金融结构的相关性也具有一定的特殊性，这种特殊性体现在两个方面：一是我国公共养老金计划主导的养老金制度选择更具有"制度依赖性"，并不能直接地、自然而然地体现出养老金结构演变对养老风险管理模式的决定作用，而金融结构对养老金整体结构的决定作用则更多地表现为金融系统对我国私营养老金计划发展的掣肘；二是我国传统金融机构特别是人寿保险公司在私营养老金计划中的主导地位和产品结构反映出我国金融体系管理养老风险的整体能力还不理想。

The author considers, the risks which basic pension fund operation faced is the main reason which influent the safety of basic pension fund. Comprehensibly, there are four kinds of risk: first, capture risk of basic pension fund; second, payment risk of basic pension fund; third, investment risk of basic pension fund; fourth, management risk of basic pension fund.

本文认为，影响我国基本养老保险基金安全运行的原因在于基金在运行过程中面临的各种风险，综合起来看，基金面临的风险主要有：1、基金的收缴风险；2、基金的支付风险；3、基金的投资运营风险；4、基金的管理风险。

The innovations of this essay are following:Ⅰ, Completely investigating the theoretic introduction, practical application, and effects on investment administrant, and putting forward that China should transit gradually from dracon quantity regulation rules to prudent man rules;Ⅱ, Lucubrating the rational, negative effects, and experience tests of portfolio allocation regulation, performance regulation, and industry structure regulation of pension funds over OECD countries;Ⅲ, Analyzing the rational and sensibility of relative rate of return guarantees of pension plan, and advancing the scheme of rate of return guarantees of China;Ⅳ, First investigating the investment policy of pension plans globally using "contents analysis" over the world pension plans;Ⅴ, Lodging that portfolio diversification should be the most important risk management instrument, and presenting efficiency measure model of evaluating portfolio diversification of pension funds;Ⅵ, Lucubrating the optimal portfolio allocation model during accumulation phase and decumulation phase of pension funds; taking for that risky assets should decrease with time reducing during accumulation phase, but during decumulation risky assets should increase.

指出了本文研究的主要结论，以及研究的不足和未来研究的方向。本文研究的创新点在于：（1）从法和经济学的原理角度，全面研究了&审慎人&原则的理论解释、实践应用、对投资管理人行为影响的实证分析以及成功实施&审慎人&原则的因素分析，提出我国养老基金的投资管制应该逐步从严格的数量管制原则过渡到&审慎人&管制原则；（2）深入研究了养老基金的资产配置管制、业绩管制和产业结构管制的基本原理、负面效应、实证检验等，以及对OECD国家的国际比较；（3）研究了养老金计划的相对收益率担保的基本原理，并对其作用机制进行了敏感性分析，提出了我国收益率担保机制设计的方案；（4）首次采用&内容分析法&对国际范围内的养老金计划的投资政策进行了研究，找出了投资政策应该包含的关键要素；（5）提出组合多样化是最重要的风险控制手段，并给出了衡量养老基金组合多样化程度的效率评价模型；（6）深入研究了养老基金积累阶段和缩减阶段的最优资产配置的数量模型，认为在积累阶段对风险资产的投资应该随着时间减少，而在缩减阶段，风险资产应随着时间增加。

Literary grace this with between real example and normal analytical method that combine together, through study to system of reform, basic old-age pension system of Chile, try hard to make objective appraisal on the Chilean the pension system reform and Chiles new basic old-age pension system, and summarize its relevant experience on this basis, for the reform of the basic old-age pension system of our country with building and offering some helpful guidance and reference.

基于上述考虑，本文采用实证与规范相结合的分析方法，对智利养老保险制度改革进行了系统的研究，力图对智利养老保险制度改革及改革后所建立的新制度作出客观的评价，并在此基础上总结智利改革的相关经验，以期望能够为我国养老保险制度的改革与建设提供一些有意义的启示。

The difference is that, in the initial stage of innovations of pension system, draconian quantity regulation were put on the investments of pension funds; but with the deepening of pension system, the investment regulation to pension funds rums gradually to more relaxed prudent man rules, in order to direct investment management process, not to control their outcome.

而我国的现状是养老金系统的改革才刚刚起步，社保基金和企业年金尝试性地进入资本市场才只有不到2年的时间，我国证券市场的历史才只有不到15年的时间。而养老基金进入资本市场是实现保值增值必须的途径。

The development of the service industry including the disabled elderly, frail elders needs to be organized, social-oriented, industry-oriented mode, for this destination we should study large amounts of data, design a large number of models, carry out pilot projects, accumulate all kinds of the forms of the pension unit and pension resource, in order to give the human power and the knowledge content to the elderly pension industry, setting up the pension service system with Chinese characteristics in a short time.

包括失能老人、重度残疾失能老人服务业在内的老人服务产业的发展，需要组织化、社会化、产业化的生产方式，要研究大量的数据、设计大量的模型，开展试点，积累经验，整合各类各种形式的养老单位和养老资源，将中国的养老服务产业赋予真正的人本力量和知识内涵，以尽快在短期内确立起有中国特色的养老服务体系。

At last, the three level development strategies of commercial bank's enterprise pension business were proposed by using strategic management theory. These three level strategies are the corporate level strategies, the business level strategies and the operational level strategies. On the corporate level strategies, financial holding group model could be used to provide comprehensive enterprise pension service. On the business level strategies, the competitive strategies of differentiation and focus and the cooperative strategies used in the development of mixed management could be applied. On the operational level strategies, seven marketing development methods were proposed. They are fulfilling the construction of enterprise pension marketing channel, strengthening overall marketing and linkage marketing; differentiating customers and markets using multi-level marketing skill; strengthening advertisement of enterprise pension knowledge, developing potential customers of enterprise pension and etc.

最后，文章运用战略管理的理论方法全面提出了商业银行企业年金业务的三个层次发展战略：在公司层战略上，提出以金融控股集团模式提供企业年金综合服务；在业务层战略上，提出了以差异化和集中化为主的竞争战略和贯穿于混业经营发展过程中的合作战略；在经营层战略上提出了完善企业年金的营销渠道建设，加强整体营销、联动营销；细分客户、细分市场，采取多层次营销策略；加强企业年金知识的宣传普及，挖掘企业年金潜在客户等七大发展策略。

If you are unfortunate enough to the lovelorn, please tell me, I will help you out, really, please contact me!

如果你不幸失恋了，请告诉我，我会帮助你摆脱困境，真的，请联系我啦！

China's plan to cut energy intensity by 20 percent and pollutant discharges by 10 percent between 2006 and 2010 is a case in point.

中国计划在2006年到2010间降低20%的能源强度和减少10%的主要污染物排放，就是一个这样的例子。