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It is at this stage that crowding can first appear as a result of the greater size of the permanent incisor teeth, mediated by relative tooth and diastema size, increase in intercanine distance through normal growth, and the extent of the inclination of the incisor teeth.

当牙萌发时因为尺寸较大而会出现初期的拥挤现象时，此阶段可由下列几种情况来解决：乳牙与间隙的尺寸、常生长下的犬齿间距增加、牙倾斜的程度。

We succeeded in synthesizing two different segments: C〓-C〓 and C〓-C〓, employing Sharpless dihydroxylation reaction, Julia coupling and samarium diiodide mediated reaction as the key steps.

我们从单保护的1，3-丙二醇出发，以Sharpless不对称双羟化反应，Julia偶联反应以及SmI〓参与的反应为关键步骤，经过艰苦的多条合成路线的尝试与探索，成功的得到了Phorboxazole A B的两个不同的边链部分C〓-C〓和C〓-C〓。

The chapter two was focused on the samarium diiodide promoted organic reactions and their applications in organic synthesis, firstly, a new synthesis of highly substituted cyclopentadienes from a,β-alkynone promoted by samarium diiodide was investigated and the highly substituted cyclopentadienes were prepared in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. Secondly, the Michael addition and Michael-aldol tandem reaction of diorganyl diselenides or diorganyl disulfides with α,β-alkynones mediated by samarium diiodide were studied and a series of alkenylsulfides and alkenylselenides were prepared in good yields. Then the highly regioselecfive nucleophilic addition of the allylsamarium bromide to α,β-alkynones were explored. We found that the allylsamarium bromide reacts with α,β-alkynones to afford regiospecificly 1. 2-nucleophilic addition products in good yields under mild condition. At last we studied the coupling reaction of aryl halides promoted by NiCl〓/PPh〓/Sm〓.

第二章 研究了二碘化钐、金属钐促进的有机反应：1、二碘化钐促进下α，β-炔基酮的偶联环化反应，提供了一种制备多取代环戊二烯的新方法；2、二碘化钐促进下的二硫醚、二硒醚与α，β-炔基酮的Michael加成反应，为高产率地制备多取代的烯基硫或烯基硒化合物提供了方便可靠的新方法；3、二碘化钐促进下的二硫醚、二硒醚与α，β-炔基酮和醛、酮的Michael—aldol串联反应，提供了一种一锅法高产率地制备多取代的含硫的烯丙基醇或含硒的烯丙基醇类化合物的方便可靠的原子经济性的新方法；4、烯丙基溴化钐与α，β-炔基酮的高度区域选择性的1，2-亲核加成反应；5、NiCl〓/PPh〓/Sm〓促进的卤代芳烃的偶联反应-一种从各种卤代芳烃制备联苯类化合物的有效方法。

The cesium fluoride-mediated N,N-diarylation of 4-(biphenyl-4-oxy)aniline with 4-fluoronitrobenzene and subsequent reduction of the dinitro intermediate led to a new triphenylamine-based diamine monomer, 4,4'-diamino-4-(biphenylyl-4-oxy)triphenylamine.

以氟化铯为媒介将此苯胺与 4-fluoronitrobenzene 进行芳香族亲核取代反应，随后再进行dinitro中间体的还原反应，制得ㄧ种新型具有三苯胺结构的芳香族二胺单体4，4'-diamino-4-(biphenylyl-4-oxy)triphenylamine。

This dissertation is mainly focused on the reactivity of methylenecyclopropanes and comprises six parts. 1 The reactions of methylenecyclopropanes with phenylsulfenyl chloride, phenylselenyl chloride and diphenyl diselenide; 2 The coupling reactions of the ring-opening products derivated from methylenecyclopropanes; 3 The palladium-catalyzed ring-enlargement of mono-aryl group substituted methylenecyclopropanes to cyclobutenes. 4 The gold-catalyzed domino ring-opening and ring-closing hydroamination of methylenecyclopropanes with sulfonamides; 5 The Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions of mono-aryl group substituted methylenecyclopropanes with diethyl ketomalonate in the presence of water; 6 The iodobenzene diacetate mediated novel 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of methylenecyclopropanes, vinylidenecyclopropanes, and methylenecyclobutane with phthalhydrazine.

本论文主要研究了亚甲基环丙烷类化合物的一些化学反应性能，共由以下六部分组成：1、亚甲基环丙烷类化合物与苯硫氯、苯硒氯及二苯基二硒的反应；2、亚甲基环丙烷类化合物开环产物的偶联反应；3、单芳基取代的亚甲基环丙烷类化合物在钯催化剂作用下的扩环反应；4、金化合物催化磺酰胺对亚甲基环丙烷类化合物的串联开环关环氨氢化反应；5、路易斯酸催化亚甲基环丙烷类化合物与丙酮二羧酸二乙酯在有水存在下的反应；6、醋酸碘苯促进的亚甲基环丙烷类化合物、亚乙烯基环丙烷类化合物及亚甲基环丁烷类化合物与邻苯二甲酰肼的新型1，3-偶极环加成反应。

The patients were not mediated with neuroleptics,too. The results show the decrease of NAA in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus which mean neurons deficit and dysfunction at the time of onset.

研究结果表明精神分裂症在发病时前额叶背外侧回和海马就已经存在NAA的降低，即精神分裂症在发病时就已经存在神经元的缺失和/或神经元功能、活力的低下。

Results: the results showed that extracts of Artemsia dracunculus L. at the dose of 7.5%,3.75%,1.875% 20 ml/kg.w, can cause a signficant increase of WBC (P.05), thymus index, spleen index,(P.05) phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of phagocyte,(P.05) the transformation rate of the spleen lymphocytes,(P.05) and the serum IL-2(P.05),serum hemolysin concentration 50%( P.05)in immunodepressed mice. Conclusions: extracts oil from Artemsia dracunculus L. can significantly enhance the non-specific, cell-mediated and humoral immunological function in immunodepressed mice.

结果：与模型组比较，椒蒿挥发油各组均能升高小鼠外周血白细胞数(P＜0.05)；均能升高胸腺指数(P＜0.05)、脾指数(P＜0.05)；均能提高免疫受抑小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬率，吞噬指数(P＜0.05)；均能升高脾淋巴细胞转化率(P＜0.05)；椒蒿挥发油各组血清IL-2值明显高于环磷酰胺对照组(P＜0.05)；椒蒿挥发油各组均可升高小鼠的血清半数溶血值(P＜0.05)。

Inductive interactions mediated by the Msx genes are essential for normal craniofacial, limb and ectodermal organ morphogenesis, and are also essential to survival in mice, as manifested by the phenotypic abnormalities shown in knockout mice and in humans.

基因敲除鼠和人类的畸形表现型的研究显示，Msx基因介导的诱导组织间的相互作用，对正常颅颌面、肢体和外胚层器官的形态发生至关重要。

Nuclear transfer is a new cloning technology developed in recent years. NT methods consist of electrofusion,NT mediated by polyethylene glycol and microinjection.

核移植技术是近年发展起来的细胞克隆技术，核移植的方法有电融合法、PEG介导法和微注射法。

The underline mechanism of diffusion and nucleation also be studied. Electroscopic imaging in transmission electron microscopy shows that SiOx act as a one-way diffusion barrier in oxide-mediated silicidation which only allows Co diffuse into Si substrate but inhibits Si diffuse out.

我们并针对其形成机制作探讨发现，氧化介层形成一个单向的阻绝层，只允许钴扩散进入矽基材，但阻挡矽向外扩散。

Mr. Putin said there were signs of genocide against the Ossetian people.

普京说，有迹象表明对南奥塞梯人进行了种族清洗。

What I'm trying to say, Tristan is...

特瑞斯坦。我想说的是。