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These findings have suggested the development stages at which to transplant cells--for instance, photoreceptor cells need to be relatively more mature than stem cells, according to Thomas Reh, who studies retinal development at the University of Washington.

在华盛顿大学从事视网膜发育研究的Thomas Reh表示，这些发现提示，进行细胞移植--比如感光细胞的移植时，被移植细胞的发育阶段应比干细胞要相对成熟一些。

Cells were immediately fixed and processed for immuno?uorescence and tested for translocation ofβ-catenin.β-catenin and target genes of Wnt/β-catenin signaling COX-2, cyclinD1, c-fos, c-Jun mRNA expression were examined by RT-PCR. Saos-2 osteoblastic cells were co-transfected with a wild type or mutant Tcf luciferase reporter gene and Renilla luciferase plasmid. Posttransfection cells were subjected to 1 hour of 12% elongation.

作用1h、2h和4h后，用免疫荧光的方法检测β-catenin的表达和在细胞上定位的变化；用半定量RT-PCR检测β-catenin mRNA表达的变化；用质粒转染的方法检测荧光素酶报告基因Tcf转录的情况；用半定量RT-PCR检测Wnt/β-catenin通路下游基因COX-2，cyclinD1， c-fos， c-Jun mRNA表达的情况；用免疫共沉淀的方法检测β-catenin和E-Cadherin的结合情况。

By using this antisense MDR1 modified cell line, K562MDR/LASSN cells , we will further study the effects of MDR1 antisense RNA on the inhibition of MDR1 expression in drug-resistant leukemic cells and the resensitization of leukemic cells to anticancer agents.

希望通过逆转录病毒介导的MDR1基因转移从基因水平阻断MDR1基因的转录和翻译，增加肿瘤细胞对化疗药物的敏感性，从而达到杀灭肿瘤细胞的目的。

On day40 after infection,donor derived Thy-1.1~+ CD8Tm cells were detectable in various organs including peripheral blood,spleen,lymph nodes,and liver.These cells were CD44~,CD62L~/CD62L~ in phenotype and more importantly,these cells were readily detectable for intracellular IFN-γsecretion several hours after ex vivo restimulation with OVA_(257-264) peptide.

感染40天后，可以在包括外周血、脾脏、淋巴结和肝脏在内的脏器中检测到一定比例的Thy-1.1~+ CD8 T细胞，这群细胞具有记忆性CD8T细胞的表型特征，即CD44~，CD62L~/CD62L~，更重要的是，这群细胞在体外OVA_(257-264)肽再刺激数小时后即可检测到细胞内IFN-γ分泌。

Their structures are different, the cytoplasm of the distal retinular cells is more compact than that of the proximal cells, but the numbers and kinds of the organelles of the distal retinular cells are less.

两部分的小网膜细胞在结构上有明显差异，上部的4个小网膜细胞的胞质比较致密，但是细胞器种类及数量较下部的小网膜细胞少。

Our data are showed that apoptosis parameters including DNA fragmentation, nuclear morphological change and sub-G1 fraction, appeared after 24 h by 5 μM rottlerin treatment. Furthermore, rottlerin caused a decrease in 72% of ODC protein expression and an increase in threonine, rather than serine and tyrosine dephosphorylation on ODC enzyme compared with the control after incubation for 10 h. To determine whether ODC could down-regulate rottlerin-induced apoptosis, HL60 cells were stably transfected with ODC cDNA. HL60-ODC cells exhibited a 2.5-fold increase in ODC protein compared with vector only (HL60-pcDNA3) or HL60 cells.

在我们筛选天然化合物实验中，发现rottlerin抑制鸟胺酸去羧化活性最具成效，之前的研究人员已知蛋白激Cd调节鸟胺酸去羧化的活性，因此在人类白血病HL60细胞处理rottlerin的实验中发现加入rottlerin二十四小时后，细胞进行计划性死亡，并可侦测到DNA片段、细胞核浓缩及sub-G1提增；而细胞处理药物十小时后与控制组细胞比较，观察到鸟胺酸去羧化的蛋白表现与活性下降50﹪以上；除此以外，测定鸟胺酸去羧化去磷酸化的情况，发现於酥胺酸位置有显著差异，而丝胺酸和酪胺酸位置并无差异。

It has been shown, however, that in terms of immune function, a transitional stage of dendritic cell maturation exists between immature myeloid dendritic cells and mature dendritic cells, which were named semimature dendritic cells.

新的研究发现一种半成熟树突状细胞亚群，其高表达主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ、中等表达CD40、CD80和CD86等分子，在自身免疫性疾病中表现出诱导免疫耐受的潜能，其与未成熟树突状细胞一道被认为是致耐受细胞。

Result: Schwann-like cells disperse in the hole of nerve graft at oneweek under Scanning Electronic Microscope, the processes of thesatellite-like cells adhere to the wall of graft.There was no statisticaldifference of activity of cells in both group(P＞0.05) using MTT. At 12weeks,the result of appearance, histology and TEM were similar, therewere no statistical difference in SFI%, NEP and quantitative analysis ofrecovery rate of myelinated fiber populations, diameter of myelinatedfiber and thickness of myelin sheat.

结果：1w后扫描电镜下可见接种的类Schwann细胞分散在材料表面的孔隙内，细胞形态为星状，细胞突起与支架管壁粘附；MTT法测定细胞活性示神经支架组在各时间点与对照组无显著性差异P＞0.05；12w时两组动物坐骨神经外观、组织学光镜观察、透射电镜观察结果相似、两组坐骨神经功能指数恢复率、神经电生理、再生有髓神经纤维计数恢复率、神经纤维直径恢复率、髓鞘厚度恢复率等指标相比无显著性差异(P＞0.05)。

The testis index, testis volumes were same as the annual changes of testis mass. The curves of annual variation were all unimodality.2 The spermatogenetic cycle of Myospalax cansus comprises seven stages with significant features: Stage I , from February to April, the testis were at the stage of spermatogonia proliferation. In this period, testis index and the number of spermatogonia began to rise. Other spermatogenic cells had not yet formed; Stage II to III, from March to April, primary spermatocyte meiosis period. The testis index was highest in this stage, and spermatogenic cells were in spermatocyte stage, the primary spermatocyte meiosis generated to secondary spermatocyte; Stage IV, from April to May, spermatocytes continued to split, germ cells appeared in seminiferous tubules; Stage V, in May, sperm formation, spermatids of seminiferous tubules were transformed to spermatozoa, a large number of sperms existed in the lumen; Stage VI, spermatozoa emission period, from May to June, testis index were a significant drop and mature spermatozoa excluded gradually; VII, the testicular activity ceased basically from July to September, November to January of the following year, the spermatogenic activity ceased completely. Therefore, Myospalax cansus are animals of seasonal reproduction, spermatogenesis cycle is discontinuous type.

睾丸系数、体积和重量的年周期变化规律一致，变化曲线呈现单峰型。2甘肃鼢鼠雄性生殖腺的年周期活动由7个特征明显的时期构成：Ⅰ期，2～3月份，精原细胞增殖期，睾丸系数开始上升，精原细胞进行有丝分裂，其他生精细胞尚未形成；3～4月份为Ⅱ～Ⅲ期，初级精母细胞成熟分裂期，睾丸系数达到最大，生精细胞大多处于精母细胞阶段，初级精母细胞减数分裂生成次级精母细胞；Ⅳ期，4～5月份精母细胞继续进行分裂，精细胞在生精小管内出现；Ⅴ期，5月份，精子形成期，曲细精管中精细胞变态成精子，在管腔中存在大量的精子；Ⅵ期，精子排放期，5～6月份，睾丸系数显著下降，成熟精子从生精小管上脱离，逐渐排除；Ⅶ期，精原细胞停滞期，7～9月份睾丸生精活动基本停滞，11～翌年1月，生精活动完全停止。

In vitro culture of spermatogonial stem cells is a basic technology of biology ,which can promote the biology investigation of spermatogonial stem cells . So spermatogonial stem cells in vitro culture has become one of the hot fields in the Biology of the Stem Cell in recent years .

精原干细胞（Spermatogonial Stem Cells ， SSCs）的体外培养是开展研究精原干细胞生物学的一项最基本的生物技术，近年来成为干细胞生物学研究的热点领域之一。

The role of the environment is very important.

的作用，环境是非常重要的。

At that time, the High Court of England and Wales Court of Queen's Bench president of William Murray, Lord Mansfield in June 22, 1772 ruling:"No matter then there is the inconvenience, but there must be a decision, I can not say that this case under the law in England are permitted or authorized; are so black should be released."

当时的英格兰及威尔士高等法院王座法庭院长William Murray， Lord Mansfield于1772年6月22日宣判：「无论有那麽不便，但总要有个决定，我不能说这件案在英格兰法律之下是准许或认可；所以黑人是应该被释放。