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We therefore regard it as suitable and salutary that, in the election of the said pontiff, in order that the faithful may look upon him as a mirror of purity and honesty, all stain and every trace of simony shall be absent, that men shall be raised up for this burdensome office who, having embarked in the appropriate manner and order in a due, right and canonical way, may undertake the steering of the barque of Peter and may be, once established in so lofty a dignity, a support for right and good people and a terror for evil people; that by their example, the rest of the faithful may receive instruction on good behaviour and be directed in the way of salvation, that the things which have been determined and established by us for this, in accordance with the magnitude and seriousness of the case, may be approved and renewed by the sacred general council; and that the things so approved and renewed may be communicated, so that the more frequently they are upheld by the said authority, the more strongly they shall endure and the more resolutely they shall be observed and defended against the manifold attacks of the devil.

因此，我们认为这是适当和有益的，在选举教皇说，为了使教友们看他是一面镜子，纯洁和诚实，所有污渍和每一个痕迹西摩尼应缺席，男子应提出了这个沉重的负担办公室谁后，开始以适当的方式和秩序应有的，正确和规范的方式，可以进行指导的三桅帆船的彼得和可一旦成立，在如此崇高的尊严，一个支持权和良好的人，一个恐怖的邪恶的人，这是他们的榜样，其余的信徒可能会收到良好的教学行为和直接的方式救赎，这事已经确定，并设立由我们这一点，在根据规模和严重性的情况下，可核准和延长神圣总理事会；和批准的东西和新的可能是传达，使他们更经常地坚持上述权力，他们更强烈应忍受和更坚决，他们应遵守和捍卫的多方面攻击的魔鬼。

My case was indeed deplorable, for I was left perfectly friendless and helpless, and the loss my husband had sustained had reduced his circumstances so low, that though indeed I was not in debt, yet I could easily foresee that what was left would not support me long; that while it wasted daily for subsistence, I had no way to increase it one shilling, so that it would be soon all spent, and then I saw nothing before me but the utmost distress; and this represented itself so lively to my thoughts, that it seemed as if it was come, before it was really very near; also my very apprehensions doubled the misery, for I fancied every sixpence that I paid for a loaf of bread was the last that I had in the world, and that tomorrow I was to fast, and be starved to death.

我的情况的确是可怜的，因为我没有一个朋友，得不到一点帮助，我丈夫由于受到这次损失已经穷到这种地步，即使我还没有欠债，然而我却很容易地看出剩下来的钱是不能维持我多久的；这笔钱一天天地花去，很快就会花光了，那时除了极端的困苦之外，我看不见别的前途；这种未来的幻景清清楚楚地呈现在我的眼前，好像已经来临了，虽然实际上这个可怕的结局还没有真的来临。同时为的恐惧又加深了我的痛苦，因为我觉得我每买一块面包所花的六便士都是我在世界上唯一的财产，明天我就要没饭吃了，饿死了。

But my case was indeed deplorable, for I was left perfectly friendless and helpless, and the loss my husband had sustained had reduced his circumstances so low, that though indeed I was not in debt, yet I could easily foresee that what was left would not support me long; that while it wasted daily for subsistence, I had no way to increase it one shilling, so that it would be soon all spent, and then I saw nothing before me but the utmost distress; and this represented itself so lively to my thoughts, that it seemed as if it was come, before it was really very near; also my very apprehensions doubled the misery, for I fancied every sixpence that I paid for a loaf of bread was the last that I had in the world, and that to-morrow I was to fast, and be starved to death.

Daniel Defoe， Moll Flanders我的情况的确是可怜的，因为我没有一个朋友，得不到一点帮助，我丈夫由于受到这次损失已经穷到这种地步，即使我还没有欠债，然而我却很容易地看出剩下来的钱是不能维持我多久的；这笔钱一天天地花去，很快就花光了，那时除了极端的困苦之外，我看不见别的前途；这种未来的幻景清清楚楚地呈现在我的眼前，好像已经来临了，虽然实际上这个可怕的结局还没有真的来临。同时我的恐惧又加深了我的痛苦，因为我觉得我每买一块面包所花的六便士都是我在世界上唯一的财产，明天我就要没饭吃，饿死了。

After that, the article expounds how the social labor value theory overcomes the theoretical hard nuts in the financial accountings:(1) it has solved the issue of conformity between the production domain and accounting domain by holding that the social labor creates the value, which decides that the domains of production and accounting should be extended to cover the tertiary industry;(2) it has solved the issue of the valuation standards in the economic accounting by holding that the theoretical value should be converted into the actual value and that only when the price of production is used as the valuation standards can the financial accounting and economic accounting have a true valuation basis;(3) it has solved the issue of creation and distribution of surplus value and explicitly points out that the power of science and technology determines that the surplus value comes mainly from the materialized labor. Only when we have a clear understanding of this point and have realized that the value of product is created jointly by the materialized labor and the laborer can we straighten out the relationship in the distribution of earning inside the enterprise and understand that the distribution on the basis of contributed capital is a reasonable choice at present.

其次，着重阐述了社会劳动价值论如何解决经济核算中的理论难题：一是解决了生产范围与核算范围的统一问题，认为社会劳动创造价值，决定了生产范围与核算范围都必须扩大到第三产业；二是解决了经济核算的计价标准问题，认为必须从理论价值转化为实际价值，用生产价格作为计价标准，才能使会计核算和经济核算真正具有计价基础；三是解决了剩余价值的创造与分配问题，并明确指出，科技的力量决定了剩余价值主要来自于物化劳动，只有认清这点，承认企业的产品价值是物、活劳动共同创造的，才能真正理顺企业的利益分配关系，才能理解按资分配是现实合理的选择。

Father said not to mind him, he said that he could just as well stay home , and that he was sure that he could put in the time woking in the garden; he said that there was a lot of rough dirty work that he could do, like digging a trench for the garbage, that would save hiring a man, and so he said that he'd stay home; he said that we were not to let the fact of his not having had a real holiday for three years stand in our way; he wanted us to go right ahead and be happy and have a big day, and not to mind him.he said that he could plug away all day, and in fact he said he'd been a fool to think there'd be any holiday for him.

父亲叫我们不必管他，他说他留在家里也不错，而且他相信他能利用这段时间在花园里干点活；他说那里有一大堆他可以干的粗活和脏活，比如挖个垃圾坑什么的，这就免得雇人来干了，所以他愿意留在家里；他说我们也用不着顾虑他三年来一直没有过过一个真正的假日这回事；他要我们马上出发，快快活活地过这个节，不要为他操心。他说他能够整天埋头干活，而且，真的，他还说，本来，他有过个什么节这种想法就是想入非非。

We shall there endeavour to establish the following propositions:-1. That the most ancient system in which the idea of blood-relationship was embodied, was the system of kinship through females only. 2. That the primitive groups were, or were assumed to be, homogenous. 3. That the system of kinship through females only tended to render the exogamous groups heterogeneous, and thus to supersede the system of capturing wives. 4. That in the advance from savagery the system of kinship through females only was succeeded by a system which acknowledged kinship through males also; and which, in most cases passed into a system which acknowledged kinship through males only. 5. That the system of kinship through males tended to rear up homogeneous groups, and thus to restore the original condition of affairs- wher the exogamous prejudice survived- as regards both the practice of capturing wives and the evolution of the form of capture. 6. That a local tribe, under the combined influence of exogamy and the system of female kinship, might attain a balance of persons of different sexes regarded as being of different descent, and that thus its members might be able to intermarry with the principle of exogamy. 7. That a local tribe, having reached this stage and grown proud through success in war, might decline intermarriage with other local tribes and become a caste.

我们将明确一下命题：1、大部分包括血统联系观念的古代体系是只通过女系计算血族关系的体系。2、原始群是或被假定是纯系的。3、只按女系计算血族关系的系统倾向于实行异类群的外婚制，并因而取代盗妻的体系。4、从只按女系计算血族关系的野蛮系统发展来的高级系统为也承认通过父系计算血族关系的系统所继承。5、通过父系计算血族关系的系统往往跃回均质的群体，并且因此恢复到事情的原始状态——外婚的偏执得以幸存——被认为既是实行盗妻的又是从盗妻发展的。6、一个本地部落在外婚制和女系血族关系的联合影响下，可能达到被认为不同世系的不同性别人们的平衡，而且因此成员可能得以按外婚原则通婚。7、到达这一阶段而且通过胜利的战争获得自豪的本地部落，可能拒绝与本地部落的联姻而变成世袭种姓。

We shall there endeavour to establish the following propositions:-1. That the most ancient system in which the idea of blood-relationship was embodied, was the system of kinship through females only. 2. That the primitive groups were, or were assumed to be, homogenous. 3. That the system of kinship through females only tended to render the exogamous groups heterogeneous, and thus to supersede the system of capturing wives. 4. That in the advance from savagery the system of kinship through females only was succeeded by a system which acknowledged kinship through males also; and which, in most cases passed into a system which acknowledged kinship through males only. 5. That the system of kinship through males tended to rear up homogeneous groups, and thus to restore the original condition of affairs- where the exogamous prejudice survived- as regards both the practice of capturing wives and the evolution of the form of capture. 6. That a local tribe, under the combined influence of exogamy and the system of female kinship, might attain a balance of persons of different sexes regarded as being of different descent, and that thus its members might be able to intermarry with the principle of exogamy. 7. That a local tribe, having reached this stage and grown proud through success in war, might decline intermarriage with other local tribes and become a caste.

我们将明确一下命题：1、大部分包括血统联系观念的古代体系是只通过女系计算血族关系的体系。2、原始群是或被假定是纯系的。3、只按女系计算血族关系的系统倾向于实行异类群的外婚制，并因而取代盗妻的体系。4、从只按女系计算血族关系的野蛮系统发展来的高级系统为也承认通过父系计算血族关系的系统所继承。5、通过父系计算血族关系的系统往往跃回均质的群体，并且因此恢复到事情的原始状态——外婚的偏执得以幸存——被认为既是实行盗妻的又是从盗妻发展的。6、一个本地部落在外婚制和女系血族关系的联合影响下，可能达到被认为不同世系的不同性别人们的平衡，而且因此成员可能得以按外婚原则通婚。7、到达这一阶段而且通过胜利的战争获得自豪的本地部落，可能拒绝与本地部落的联姻而变成世袭种姓。

The Lynn White debate, which begun when White called for a rethinking of Christianity or its replacement by a nonWestern religion, has proved an obstacle to dealing with the environmental crisis The defense of Christianity that followed inhibited Asian and comparative environmental ethics in the West and did not produce environmentally useful results Whenever the relationship of religion and the environment was raised, the discussion quickly shifted to the issue of Christian responsibility for the environmental crisis The problem with the debate is that in many important ways, the White thesis is correct: Christianity is indeed responsible to a significant degree in that Christianity desacralized nature and it supported policies politically in the Middle Ages that encouraged now harmful human population growth and promoted science and technology, much of which has proved to be environmentally problematic There was nevertheless a second tradition of which Saint Francis of Assisi was a part that was environmentally friendly and that could be useful in rethinking Christianity environmentally It is however unlikely that Christianity will prove useful in the development of an environmental ethic in nonWestern countries or that nonWestern religions will succeed in producing an environmental ethic in the West It is therefore important that religious scholars move beyond assigning blame for the environmental crisis and find ways for the major world religions to help develop environmental ethics as best they can within their own cultural spheres

林恩怀特争论始于怀特关于对基督教进行重新思考或者由非西方宗教取而代之的呼吁。林恩怀特争论已经被证明成为处理环境危机的一个障碍。由此而起的对基督教的辩护制约了亚洲和其他比较环境伦理学在西方的发展，没有产生对环境有益的结果。无论何时，当人们谈及宗教和环境的关系的时候，讨论都会迅速转向有关基督教对环境危机责任的讨论。这一争论的关键在于，怀特的论文在很多方面是对的：基督教的确在相当大的程度上造成了自然的世俗化，并且在中世纪，基督教在政治上对现在看来有害的人口增长的政策提供了支持，促进了科学和技术的发展，很多诸如此类的政策已经被证明对环境是有害的。但是，基督教还存在另一种对环境友好的传统，Assisi城的&圣芳济&运动就是其中一例，这种传统也许对于从环境角度重新认识基督教是有益的。但是，对于非西方国家环境伦理的发展，基督教将很难能够有所作为，非西方宗教也不大可能成功地在西方产生出某种环境伦理。因此，对于研究宗教的学者们而言，重要的是要走出谁应该为环境危机受到指责的争论，找到世界各主要宗教如何在其各自的文化范围内对发展环境伦理提供最佳帮助的方法。

All I shew'd them, all I Said to them, was perfectly amazing; but above all, the Captain admir'd my Fortification, and how perfectly I had conceal'd my Retreat with a Grove of Trees, which having been now planted near twenty Years, and the Trees growing much faster than in England, was become a little Wood, and so thick, that it was unpassable in any Part of it, but at that one Side, where I had reserv'd my little winding Passage into it: I told him, this was my Castle, and my Residence; but that I had a Seat in the Country, as most Princes have, whither I could retreat upon Occasion, and I would shew him that too another Time; but at present, our Business was to consider how to recover the Ship: He agreed with me as to that; but told me, he was perfectly at a Loss what Measures to take; for that there were still six and twenty Hands on board, who having entred into a cursed Conspiracy, by which they had all forfeited their Lives to the Law, would be harden'd in it now by Desperation; and would carry it on, knowing that if they were reduc'd, they should be brought to the Gallows, as soon as they came to England, or to any of the English Colonies; and that therefore there would be no attacking them, with so small a Number as we were.

船长特别欣赏我的防御工事，欣赏我用一片小树林把住宅完全隐蔽起来。这片小树林现在已经栽了二十年了，由于这里树木比英国长得快，现在已经成了一片小小的森林，而且十分茂密。我在树林里保留了一条弯弯曲曲的小径，其他任何地方都走不进来。我告诉他，这是我的城堡和住宅，但是，像许多王公贵人一样，我在乡间还有一所别墅。如果需要，我可以去那儿休养一段时期。我说，以后有时间，我可以带他们到那儿去看看，但目前我们的首要任务是要考虑收复那只大船的问题。船长同意我的看法，可是，他说，他一时想不出什么办法，因为大船上还有二十六个人。他们既已参加了叛乱，在法律上已犯了死罪，因此已别无出路，只好一不做二不休，硬干到底。因为，他们知道，如果失败了，一回英国或任何英国殖民地，他们就会被送上绞架。但光靠我们这几个人，是无法向他们进攻的。

In order that the reunion of the church may be possible and that a beginning may be made which is fitting and pleasing to God, since the most important part of any matter is its beginning, and in order that the two obediences--namely the one claiming that the lord John XXIII was formerly pope and the other claiming that the lord Gregory XII is pope--may be united together under Christ as head, this most holy general synod of Constance, legitimately assembled in the holy Spirit and representing the catholic church, accepts in all matters the convoking , authorising, approving and confirming that is now being made in the name of the lord who is called Gregory XII by those obedient to him, insofar as it seems to pertain to him to do this, since the certainty obtained by taking a precaution harms nobody and benefits all, and it decrees and declares that the aforesaid two obediences are joined and united in the one body of our lord Jesus Christ and of this sacred universal general council, in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the holy Spirit.

为了使团聚的教会也有可能与这是一个开始，可取得哪些是装修及天主所悦纳的，因为最重要的一部分，任何事情，是其开端，但为了这两个obediences -即一声称主约翰二十三世的前身是教宗和其他声称主格雷戈里十二教宗-可能会团结起来下，以基督为元首，这个最神圣的总主教的人C onstance，合法地聚集在圣灵和代表天主教教会，在接受所有事项 convoking ，授权，核准，并确认这就是现在正在取得主的名字，他们是所谓的格雷戈里第十二那些听话的他，就好像是关于他要做到这一点，因为确定性获得通过采取防范危害，没有人，并造福所有国家，它的法令，并宣布了上述两个obediences都加入并统一在一个机构，我们的主耶稣基督，并把这一神圣的普及总理事会中，在父亲的姓名和子和圣灵。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。