贵族社会

Wuchang did not form relatively independent industry and commerce all along in the Qing dynasty , in. traditional society it clinged tightly to the bureaucrat regime, commerce trade gived first place to the articles of luxury that the bureaucrat nobleman consumed; before modern times it was deeply affected by politics factor. The level of industry and commerce development at the modern times had great relation with the political support, so economic growth had fought the notable politics brand.

清代武昌一直没有形成相对独立的工商业，在传统社会紧紧依附官僚政权，商业贸易以官僚贵族消费的奢侈品为主，在近代转型时期也深受政治因素影响，近代工商业发展的水平与政治支持的强弱紧密相关，因此其经济发展打上显著的政治烙印。

Aristocratic mores, as adapted by most upper-class writers and exemplars, were clearly not applicable to most people

上流社会的多数作家和典型人物所适应的贵族的习俗，对于绝大多数人显然不适用。

In addition he met Maharaja Jatindra Mohan Tagore, a titled aristocrat of Bengal; Kristodas Pal, the editor, social reformer, and patriot; Iswar Vidyasagar, the noted philanthropist and educator; Pundit Shashadhar, a great champion of Hindu orthodoxy; Aswini Kumar Dutta, a headmaster, moralist, and leader of Indian Nationalism; and Bankim Chatterji, a deputy magistrate, novelist, and essayist, and one of the fashioners of modern Bengali prose.

他此外还会见了在孟加拉拥有贵族头衔的摩诃拉杰杰汀德莫罕泰戈尔；还有编辑、社会改革者和爱国者的克里斯托达帕尔；著名的慈善家和教育家伊斯瓦维达撒迦；还有伟大的印度传统拥护者，梵文学者萨萨哈；校长、伦理家和印度民族主义领袖阿斯维尼库玛格泰；地方官员代表、小说家、小品作者、孟加拉现代散文创始人之一班金切特吉。

The patrician in Solzhenitsyn hated this lack of deference in the West.

贵族的索尔仁尼琴痛恨西方社会的这种&缺乏尊重&。

Although Beethoven entered into the upper class, and communicated with some nobles, he never placed himself as their subordination. In 1809, Beethoven lived in Crown Prince Siji Knoff's manor. When asked to play piano for a French invader officer, Beethoven definitely refused the Crown Prince's request. Instead, he ran home in rain, took down Crown Prince's dust and smashed it. In the summer of 1812, Beethoven met Goethe in the sanitaria of Taipliz, Czechoslovakia.

贝多芬虽然进入上流社会，与王公贵族相往来，但他从不置自身于臣仆的地位。1809年贝多芬住在利希诺夫斯基亲王的庄园里，亲王要求他为法国侵略者将领演奏钢琴，贝多芬断然拒绝，冒雨回到自己的家，取下亲王的胸像摔得粉碎。1812年夏，贝多芬在捷克疗养地泰普利茨会见了歌德。

Everybody is first a citizen, and then, as a citizen, he is a member of his order —— of an aristocracy or a democracy, of an order of patricians or plebeians; or, in those societies which an unhappy fate has afflicted with a special perversion in their course of development, of a caste.

每一个人首先是一个公民，然后，既是一个公民，他必是阶级中的一个成员——属于一个贵族阶级的成员或是属于一个平民阶级的成员；或是，在有一些社会中，由于时运不佳而在其发展的过程中遭受到了特殊的逆转，他就成了一个族籍的成员。

In modern days we tend to use the term plebeian to refer to the common or poor classes, but in Rome, a plebeian was just a member of the general populace of Rome (as opposed to the Patricians who were the privileged classes).

现代社会，我们往往会用平民这个词意指大众阶层或贫困阶层，但是，在罗马，平民只是罗马广大民众中的一员（与特权阶层的贵族形成对比）。

In the first place the well-doer, strong in rectitude, acquires great wealth through his industry; in the next place; good reports of him are spread abroad; thirdly, whatever society he enters-whether of nobles, Brahmins, heads of houses, or members of a religious order- he enters confident and self-possessed; fourthly, he dies without anxiety; and lastly, on the dissolution of the body, after death, he is reborn into some happy state in heaven.

首先善行者，操行端正，通过他的勤奋获得巨大财富，在其它的地方，他的好名声传开；第三，无论他进入哪种社会，无论是贵族，婆罗门，房主，或宗教团体的成员，他都自信，自重；第四，他死时没有忧虑；最后，在身体解散死后，他很高兴的转生到天堂的幸福之域。

This dissertation has done a systematic research on the spice phenomenon in the Song dynasty . The following issues have been studied in this dissertation :the main source of spice in the Song society ,the spice trade ,spice and the religious life ,spice and lord-civilian's life .applying spice to the Chinese medical and the health-maintenance.

本文拟对宋代香药现象进行比较系统的探讨，依次考察了宋代社会的香药来源、香药贸易概况、香药与宗教活动、香药与贵族平民的生活、香药在中医养生保健中的运用。

Some economists are disdainful of their colleagues in other social disciplines; haughty aristocrats; his lordly manners were offensive; walked with a prideful swagger; very sniffy about breaches of etiquette; his mother eyed my clothes with a supercilious air; shaggy supercilious camels; a more swaggering mood than usual- W.L.

一些经济学家蔑视他们的其他社会学科的同事；傲慢的贵族；他傲慢的态度令人讨厌；大摇大摆地走；傲慢的违反礼节；他母亲以一种傲慢的态度看着我的衣着；毛发蓬松的傲慢的骆驼；比平时更傲慢的态度-w.l。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。