质子

We cooperate with Jiacang Yue's group in institute of biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences to use pH sensitive CdTe QDs as a proton sensor to detect proton flux driven by ATP synthesis in chromatophore. We applied the QDs-labeled chromatophores as a virus-detector to detect H9 avian influenza virus based on antibody-antigen reaction.

我们与中科院生物物理所乐家昌研究员组合作，采用所制备的pH敏感量子点作为质子探针，代替荧光染料，探测分子马达中ATP合成中所产生的质子流，检测生物大分子。

Plus neutrons, in the nucleus cloud chamber photograph, an unknown nucleus collides with a 44He nucleus, and after the collision tHe nucleus, and after the collision the two he two particles nuclei nuclei travel in perpendicular directions relative to each other.travel in perpendicular directions relative

如右图所示，在如右图所示，在44HeHe（左上角的数字为核子数，即在核子中的质子和中子数之和）云室照片中，一个未知核子与（左上角的数位为核子数，即在核子中的质子和中子数之和）云室照片中，一个未知核子与44HeHe核子碰撞，碰撞后两个核子以彼此垂直的方向运动。

In chapter 2,the main research contents and typical works in theoretical research area on amino acids and oligopeptides were introduced.This includes studies performed on structures,electronic properties,weak intramolecular interactions,protonation and deprotonation,conformer conversion,metal ion binding,solution effects and etc.

第2章给出了氨基酸和寡肽分子体系理论计算领域的主要研究内容和研究热点，这包括氨基酸和寡肽分子的稳定结构，电子性质，内部弱相互作用，质子化和去质子化过程，构象转换，金属离子结合及溶液效应等多方面的研究。

In this dissertation, systematic and extensive conformational search has been performed for asparagine and aspartic acid in gas phase and solution and the properties of the stable conformers are studied using DFT based first-principles calculation. The concerned properties include geometry structure, IR spectra, conformer distributions, intramolecular interactions, ionization energies and electron affinities, protonation and deprotonation processes.

在本论文中，我们对天冬酰胺和天冬氨酸在气相和溶液中的稳定构型进行了系统而全面的寻找，并研究了其稳定构型的几何结构、红外光谱、构型分布、分子内相互作用、电离能、电子亲合能、质子化和去质子化过程等相关性质。

In chapter 4,taking the CCSD results as references,the performances of five DFT(BHandHLYP,MPWB1K,B3LYP,B3PW91 and SVWN) and two WFT(HF and MP2) methods for describing relative conformer energies,vertical electron detachment energies,deprotonation energies,and proton affinities of 22 amino acids were determined.

第4章中以高精度的耦合簇方法的计算结果为基准，测试了五种密度泛函方法(BHandHLYP，MPWB1K，B3LYP，B3PW91和SVWN)和两种波函方法(HF和MP2)对描述22种氨基酸体系的构型相对能量，垂直电离能，质子化和去质子化能这四种能量性质的能力。

1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of aromatic protons combined with theoretical analysis of molecular structures proved the existence of two rotational isomers at 300 K, as well as a rapid interconversion equilibrium at 330 K for both compounds Ⅰ and Ⅱ. However, only one conformer exists for compound Ⅲ and puerarin containing 7-phenolic hydroxyl instead of propyl in A-ring as the case of compounds Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Based on UV-Visible absorption data of neutral and basic solutions, and on the density function calculations, the 7-phenolic hydroxyl group in A-ring was found to be more acidic than the 4'-phenolic hydroxyl group in B-ring. The mechanism of derivation reaction and the structure-reactivity relationship of puerarin as an antioxidant were further discussed.

其中7-丙基葛根素Ⅱ属于新型取代衍生物；变温1H NMR和理论计算结果表明，在300 K时，葛根素和4'-丙基葛根素以单一构型存在；而7，4'-二丙基葛根素和7-丙基葛根素则存在两种核磁可分辨的旋转异构体，当温度升至330 K时，两种异构体可以相互转化；通过对比分析葛根素及其衍生物脱质子产物的紫外可见吸收光谱并结合理论计算，确定了A环上7位酚羟基比B环上4'位酚羟基先脱去质子，并由此进一步阐明了葛根素衍生化反应机理以及在抗氧化作用中可能的活性位点和结构活性关系。

The proton exchange membrane, a selective passable membrane, its working is transferring protons, parting oxidant and deoxidant, is the core of the cell.

质子交换膜是PEMFC的核心组成，是一种选择透过性膜，主要起传导质子、分割氧化剂与还原剂的作用。

The DBHF method adopts the realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction, which is fitted to the NN scattering phase shifts and deuteron properties.

G矩阵包含了核子有效相互作用的同位旋信息，同位旋矢量介子对质子和中子的作用不同，在计算中我们区分核物质中的质子和中子，这样得到的RMOP是同位旋相关的。

The calculated results indicate that there are two absolutely opposite regions in the vicinity of 5-FU. In one of the regions, water molecules can assist the tautomerism from 5-FU to its enol form 5-FU(superscript *, whereas in another region, water molecules can protect 5-FU from tautomerizing to 5-FU(superscript *).

研究发现，在5-氟尿嘧啶周围存在两类不同的区域，在其中一类区域中，水分子能促进质子转移的发生；而在另一类区域中，水分子却能阻碍质子转移的发生。

The main works of the author were: designed the experiment of the measurement absorbed dose for proton, as the major participant of experiment, the author took apart in the experiment from tip to toe, finished sample measurement and data analysis.

本文作者的主要工作是：完成质子吸收剂量测量实验的设计、负责并参与质子辐照的全过程以及在辐照后用电子自旋共振谱仪测量样品和对数据进行分析和总结。

I'm strongly against the death penalty — it's an eye for an eye.

我不赞成死刑——这是以牙还牙的报复行为。

And to get you the support you need, we're enlisting all elements of our national power: our diplomacy and development, our economic might and our moral suasion, so that you and the rest of our military do not bear the burden of our security alone.

并给你们所须的支援，我们正徵召国家所有各种的力量：我们的外交及发展，我们的经济力量与道德劝说，所以你们与其他军人不须要孤独地负起国家安全的责任。