语言和语法

The study of Montague Grammar and Formal semantics is of important theoretical significance and practical value.

蒙太格语法在当代逻辑学、语言学、语言哲学、计算机和人工智能研究中占有重要位置，对蒙太格语法及形式语义学的研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。

The logic of linguistic communication aims at solving the natural language phenomenon in daily life,supplying further the logic theory of normal expression and understanding,which is the fruit of combination among modem logic,grammar and rhetoric,developing gradually along with the uprising of modem syntactics,semantics and pragmatics .

语言交流的逻辑旨在处理日常的自然语言现象，进而提供日常表达和理解的逻辑理论，它是现代的逻辑、语法和修辞相结合的产物，是伴随着现代的语形学、语义学和语用学的兴起而逐步发展起来的。

The breakthroughs in methods are the following:(1) Rather than scrappily introducing the various techniques of TLG, this paper emphasizes the profound mechanism which functions from the introduction to the modification, and further to the perfection of these techniques;(2) This paper displays the main characteristics and original techniques of TLG by means of its comparison with other theories of language; Section Six illustrates the writing features and frame of this paper.

方法上的突破主要有两点：(1)本文并不是零散地介绍类型—逻辑语法的各种技术手段；而是重在揭示它们从提出、到改进、再到完善的深刻动因；(2)本文通过与其它语言理论相比较的方法来展现类型—逻辑语法的主要特色和创新之处；第六节说明了本文的写作特点和基本框架。

Functional Grammar, in contrast to structural linguistics which gives language the abstract and stative description, regards language as an instrument of social communication and studies language forms from its corresponding meanings.

不同于结构语言学对语言抽象静止的描写，功能语法视语言为用与社会交际的工具，强调从功能的角度研究语言结构本身和二者之间的关系。

These values mediate every move in the translation and every target-language reader's response to it, including the perception of what is domestic or foreign: André Lefevere's English version -"bent toward a foreign likeness"- domesticates Schleiermacher's German by submitting its syntax to the dominant fluent strategy, whereas "toward a foreign likeness bent," a discursive peculiarity that resists fluency by marking the English translation as archaic for the contemporary Anglo-American reader, foreignizes English by bending it toward the German syntax.

这些价值观调解一举一动在翻译和每一个目标语言读者的反应，包括有什么看法，国内或国外：安德烈勒弗维尔的英文版本-&一心向外国肖像&- domesticates施莱尔马赫的德国提交其语法，流利的主要战略，而&对外国相似一心&的话语特点抵制标记流利的英文翻译为古老的当代英美读者， foreignizes英语弯曲它向德国的语法。

In order to making even more penetrating, comprehensive, scientific researches on grammar and rhetoric, it is necessary for every assembly of lansigns to make both grammatical analysis and rhetorical analysis.

为了更深入、更全面、更科学地进行语法研究和修辞研究，对任何一个语言符号组合体，都应该同时进行语法分析和修辞分析。

While try to provide encapsulate, reliable, easy to use and efficient language, we refer to the object-oriented method and the current high level language grammar. CSpire provides a efficient OO way and a event-subscribe mechanism. Compiler optimization and restrictive Object-oriented characteristics ensure efficiency. During the compiling, data race detect and memory access check code insert make application more reliable.

在寻求节点编程对封装性、可靠性、易用性和性能上的需求的解决方案上，CSpire主要借鉴了面向对象的方法和当前高级语言语法，提供了具有面向对象特性的、支持事件订阅机制的基本语法，并通过程序优化和限制性的面向对象特性来保证目标程序的效率，编译期间对数据竞争的检测增加了目标程序的安全性。

Based on the "relevant principle", that is, choosing the language structure which is able to convey and strengthen the themes and aesthetic effects of works, the thesis, with the application of the theories and approaches of functional grammar and mainly from the perspectives of the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual function, makes a stylistic analysis on the autobiographical novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce, the most influential Irish writer in the 20th century, illustrating how he conveys and strengthens the themes and aesthetic effects through his choice of language structure in the novel and exemplifying the merits of functional stylistics.

本文根据&相关性&原则，即选择能表达和深化作品的主题意义和美学效果的语言结构，尝试运用韩礼德等人的功能语法的理论和方法，从概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能三个方面分析二十世纪最有影响力的爱尔兰著名作家詹姆斯乔伊斯创作的有自传体特色的《青年艺术家的画像》，以阐明作家在《画像》中如何通过语言的选择，达到深化作品的主题意义和传达美学效果的目的，同时也例证了功能文体学的魅力和价值。

The main theoretical basis the communicative language teaching is established on includes Chomsky's transformational generative grammar, Hymes and Halliday's socialinguistics, Austin's "How to do things with words", Searle's "speech act" and so on.

语言交际教学法的主要理论依据是Chom sky 的转换生成语法、Hym es和Halliday 的社会语言学、Austin 的用语言的做事论、Searle 的言语行为论、Krashen 的语言习得说、Wilkins的意念大纲和Munby 的交际大纲等。

General linguistics and the language of art are the two wings of...

规范语言严格遵守语法和逻辑，通过正常的语言格式，准确精练地描写、表述事实或推求事理，追求语言的理性功能和表述功能。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。