诡辩的

The natural divisions are five in number;--( 1) Book I and the first half of Book II down to the paragraph beginning,"I had always admired the genius of Glaucon and Adeimantus," which is introductory; the first book containing a refutation of the popular and sophistical notions of justice, and concluding, like some of the earlier Dialogues, without arriving at any definite result.

理想国》按照自然分类法可分为五个部分；——（1）第1卷和第2卷的前半部分下至此段开头，"我向来钦佩格劳肯和阿德曼托斯的天赋"，第一部分是介绍性的部分；第一卷包括受欢迎的辩驳和关乎正义主题的诡辩主张，也包括类似早期《对话集》中的那些没有明确结果的对话。

The article summarizied the following items,those are juggle with concepts, the errors of the major premise , the testimony of ontology, the Hegelistic academic concept, the revised empiricism , the terrific resemblance , the uncalculated sopyistry and the concept of pracmatical truth,etc.

本文梳理了当代学术中常见的八种逻辑硬伤，即"偷换概念"的"能指游戏"；大前提的错误；"本体论的证明"；"三段论"学术史观；变质的经验论；可怕的相似律；无法量化的诡辩；实用主义的真理观。

Apart from such form of false individualism as "constructivist rationalism" described by Hayek there exist various other forms of it, namely irrationalistic false individualism (which can be found in all versions of existentialism) and especially that form of false individualism which is a necessary consequence of post-modernism with its basic creed ANTHROPOS METRON PANTON.

哈耶克所提出的&伪个人主义&，实为&构造出来的理性主义&。在此种形式之外，却存在各色各样的其他形式，即&非理性主义之伪个人主义&（此一形式，可从各种形式的&存在主义&之论述中找到），及另一种特别的、为后现代主义之必然结果的伪个人主义-------其基本信条即为古希腊诡辩家Protagoras所说之 Anthropos Metron Panton，即&人类是衡量所有事物的标准&。

Whether this should be done separately, that is, whether the subject matter should be taken casuistically before or after its theoretical treatment, or whether the method should be at the same time both theoretical and casuistical, is unimportant for the matter itself; the practical feasibility will decide this point, while for written works on moral theology the special aim of the author will determine it.

这是否应该分开，这是，无论是标的物应当采取casuistically之前或之后其理论的待遇，还是方法应在同一时间从理论和诡辩，是不重要的问题本身；的实际可行性将决定这一点，而对作品的道德神学的特殊目的的作者，将决定它。

It is above all the volume "De poenitentia" which, through its sixteenth disputation, has become the classical handbook for casuistical moral theology and particularly for the specific distinction of sins; to the same subject belong the posthumous "Responsa moralia", a collection of answers given by de Lugo in complicated cases of conscience.

它首先是数量&德poenitentia &，通过其第十六争论，已成为经典的手册诡辩神学和道德特别是对於具体的区别的罪孽；同一主题的遗属於& Responsa道德&，收集所给出的答案的卢戈在复杂情况下的良知。

A natural anxiety to escape the awful consequences of determining a particular act to be mortally sinful, and a desire, equally intelligible, to assist the Roman Catholic Church in its conflict with Protestantism by disburthening it of an inconvenient theory, were the motives which impelled the authors of the Casuistical philosophy to the invention of an elaborate system of criteria, intended to remove immoral actions, in as many cases as possible, out of the category of mortal offences, and to stamp them as venial sins.

迫使诡辩哲学的著者发明一套精密的规范体系，以便在尽量把不道德行为从不可赦犯罪的范畴中移出来，并把它们定为可赦之罪，其动机之一是出于一种自然的渴望，想要避免把一种特定行为定为不可赦罪的可怕后果，另一种动机是出于一种同样地可以体会的愿望，就是为天主教会解除一种不便的理论，来帮助罗马天主教会在和基督新教进行的冲突中取得胜利。

The third charge, directed against Judaical hypocrisy which neglects the fostering of the interior life, is refuted by every work on casuistry, however meagre, for every one of them states most emphatically that, without the state of grace and a good intention, all external works, no matter how difficult and heroic, are valueless in the sight of God.

第三项控罪针对这Judaical虚伪忽略了培养内部的生活，是每个驳斥了工作的诡辩术，但微薄的，因为他们每个人最强烈的国家，如果没有国家的宽限期和良好的意图，所有外部作品，不管多麼困难和英勇的，是毫无价值的忽视上帝。

"Uncreative risk management" is an oxymoron which cannot exist, and risk management without innovation merely rehearses and records the inevitable. To be effective the risk process must embody innovative and creative thinking in both risk identification and response development, proactively seeking potentially significant uncertainties and addressing them appropriately. Anything less does not deserve to be called risk management.

无创意的风险管理」就像诡辩一样是不存在的，而没有创新的风险管理只是演练并纪录下一些无可避免的事，风险程序必须将创新及创意的想法建立在风险辨识及回应发展上、且积极地寻找潜在的重要不确定因素并做适切的处置才会有效，缺少了任东西都不配称为风险管理。

In other words, casuistry falsifies the consciences by distinguishing objectively between mortal and venial sins, leads to a contempt of the latter, and renders a genuinely Christian life impossible.

换言之，诡辩伪造良知的客观之间的区别和venial致命的罪孽，导致了蔑视后者，并使一个真正的基督徒的生活是不可能的。

Characteristic of Tibetan Buddhism is the unusually large segment of the population actively engaged in religious pursuits (up until the Chinese communist takeover of the country in the 1950s an estimated one-quarter of the inhabitants were members of religious orders); its system of "reincarnating lamas"; the traditional merger of the spiritual and temporal authority in the office and person of the Dalai Lama; and the vast number of divine beings (each with its own family, consort, and pacific and terrifying aspects), which are considered symbolic representations of the psychic life by the religiously sophisticated and accepted as realities by the common people.

藏传佛教的特征就是很多部分的人口积极地忙碌于宗教追求（中国共产党1950年接管西藏的时候，估计有四分之一居民是僧侣成员），有&喇嘛转世&的体制；传统上是精神与当时暂时的行政权威和达赖喇嘛合并在一起；大量数目的神职人员（每一个都有各自的家庭，配偶，有平静和可怕的面貌），被认为是笃信地诡辩象征性地描绘着精神生活，被普通人承认为真实。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。