裂缝

Optimalerror estimates in L2-norm and H1-norm are obtained.Model:The mathematical model for two phase incompressible flow innaturally fractured reserviors is[34]:Supposeis a bounded domain with smoothy boundary,the rock ispresented byΩi,the volume of the fissures is small,Ωm=Ω.In the fissures Ω:s(x,0)=s0,x∈Ωin the rock Ωi:where J=0,T.

模型：裂缝孔隙介质中油水两相不可压缩驱动问题的数学模型为[34]：设〓为具有光滑边界的有界凸域，其中多孔岩块以Ωi表示，Ωm＝∑Ωi，因裂缝体积很小，可以认为Ωm＝Ω。x在裂缝系统Ω上：〓s(x，0)＝s0，x∈Ω在任一岩块Ωi上：〓其中J＝0，T。

The results show that the original fissure field has characteristics such as the horizontal development of micro-cracks,fissures were fill with filling material,as well as part of the development of vertical cracks,broken.The rock fissures has characteristics such as the intersection cracks in high-angle vertical,and along with reducement of the distance from the roof,gradually development to the broken c...

研究得出原生裂隙场具有绝大多数发育横向微裂隙，裂隙被充填物所充填以及部分发育纵向裂隙，较破碎的特点；采动岩体裂隙则具有发育纵横交错的相交裂缝，以高角度纵向裂缝为主，且随着离煤层顶板距离减小，并逐步向破碎型裂缝发展的特点。

Tangshan City, the old single-storey houses for the old-fashioned, turned into rubble after the earthquake; the new urban area are multi-storey brick-concrete structure buildings, wiped out almost collapsed; reinforced concrete frame structure is also not spared the high-rise buildings, railway track occurred in snake shape distortions or subsidence as a result of the roadbedcheng bo lang style ups and downs, have a large surface cracks, the general collapse of a bridge destroyed, seismotectonic cracks extended up to 8 kilometers, with cracks near the ground motion is very alarming, two of its more than 200 meters within the scope of even the people air have been thrown.

唐山市老区多为老式单层民房，震后变成一片瓦砾；新市区大多是砖混结构多层建筑，几乎倒塌殆尽；钢筋混凝土框架结构的高层建筑物亦未能幸免，铁路轨道发生蛇形扭曲或由于路基下沉而呈波浪式起伏，地表产生宽大裂缝，桥梁普遍塌毁，地震构造裂缝延伸达 8公里，裂缝带附近的地面运动非常惊人，其两则200多米的范围内连人都被抛向空中。

The geology research of carbonate reservoirs in Ordovician of Tahe oilfield showed that many large dissolved vugs and fractures were developed. The spread of the reservoir take on a very heterogeneous state. And the typical fractured-vuggy reservoirs was formed. According to the combination of the various spaces, the formation was divided into vuggy formation, fractured-vuggy formation and fractured formation. The research showed that development of the vug is relevant to the its position on the structure, the fractures, the water surface and the weathering surface. Multi-phase charge and recharge of the oil in the reservoirs resulted in the complexity of the fluid distribution. So the"Bottle Model"was brought forward to explain the movement of the water-oil contact. The special storage space and the complex fluid distribution lead to the unstability of the production and the complexity of the water cut. In order to explain the characteristic of the fracture-vug unit was brought forward and the basic principle and method of the partition of the fracture-vug unit was formed. The classification and evaluation of the units were performed according the reserve and energy. Based on the research of geology characteristic and the fluid flow in the reservoir the comprehensive numerical simulation plan of the fractured-vuggy reservoirs were established. Through the selection of the simulation unit, fluid flow type and parameter equivalent the triple media reservoir simulation model was established. Considering the practical application the model was resolved by the DKR decomposition conjugate grads method. Based on the fine reservoir description of Dsitrict IV of the Tahe oilfield the various space type were classified and combined together. The geology model of Unit S48 was constructed. Two typical single well model was established according to the geology and the dynamic phenomena. Finally the single well model and the Unit S48 were simulated by the triple media reservoir simulator. Via the local grid refinement and coarsening in the simulation good matchs were gained. Based on the results of the simulation the reserve distribution, percent of reserve produced in various space and the natural energy were analyzed. The fluid was storaged in the fractures and vugs mostly and more than 90% the produced oil came from the systems. The energy belonged to the active one. The results of simulation accorded with the fact and showed the validity and practicability the research and the simulator.

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的地质研究表明，其储层中发育着很多大型的溶蚀洞、缝，储层的平面展布呈现出极度的非均质性，形成了典型的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏，根据各种孔隙介质在储层中的组合，将储层分为了溶洞型、裂缝-溶洞型和裂缝型三类；研究表明溶洞储层的发育和构造位置、裂缝的发育、潜水面和风化面的位置等因素有关；多期充注的油气成藏模式导致了流体复杂的赋存状态，由此提出了所谓的&瓶子模型&，解释生产过程中油水界面的变化；特殊的储集空间类型和流体分布特征导致油田在开发过程中表现出很大的不确定性和含水变化的复杂性，为了合理的解释油气田开发过程中的动态特征，提出了&缝洞单元&的概念，并制定了&缝洞单元&纵横向划分的基本原则和依据及划分方法，并对&缝洞单元&进行了分类和评价；基于地质特征和流体在其中流动规律的研究，提出了缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的数值模拟综合解决方案，通过模拟单元的选择、流动类型和参数的等效，建立了三重介质油藏三维三相数值模拟模型，采用不完全LU分解预处理共轭梯度法进行了求解；在塔河油田4区精细油藏描述的基础上，将各种类型的孔隙空间进行了归类组合，建立了S48单元的地质模型；通过对油井生产动态进行分析研究，建立了两类和油井地质、生产动态相对应的单井模型；最后应用三重介质油藏数值模拟软件对单井模型和S48单元进行了数值模拟，通过局部加密和粗化等技术模拟流体流动规律，取得了很好的拟合效果；结合数值模拟结果，分析了各种介质中的储量分布、储量产出的百分比以及地层的能量，认为塔河油田缝洞型油藏中流体绝大多数储集于缝洞系统之中，所产出流体90%以上也来自于缝洞系统，其底水能量属于较充足的类型；模拟结果和油田实际情况符合较好，说明了地质研究和油藏数值模拟研究的正确性。

Asphalt Pavement will generate various cracks after go into service, because of the immersion of road surface water, the moisture of the pavement structure layer and the subgrade on the both sides of crack will increase, resulted in lower strength of subgrade and pavement.

随着交通量迅速增加，特别是大吨位车辆行车荷载的作用，路基、路面承受不了超载车辆荷载的作用，加快路面的裂缝产生，大大缩短沥青路面的使用寿命。本文对沥青路面裂缝常见形式和裂缝产生的原因进行了分析，同时也提出了相应的防治措施。

Based on the analysis of sediments and diagenesis of YangXin Series, author studied systematically all types of holes and fractures including stracture fissures, secondary corrosion cavities, contract holes and crevices, unloaded fissures, regionalrifts crush cracks (mechanical, hydraulic and oil-gas divulsional), seperate fissures in layres, collapse breccia′s clinks and seam lines, etc,.

作者在对阳新统沉积及成岩后生普通化的分析基础上，全面系统地分析了包括构造裂缝在内的各种孔洞缝类型，如次生溶蚀孔洞、收缩成因孔缝、卸荷张缝、区域裂缝、压裂缝（机械压裂、水力压裂、油气扯裂）、层理脱空缝、垮塌角砾间孔缝、缝合线等。

Crack is a good migration pathway in reservoir, so it has great effect in penetrability of oil and gas, especially when fissured oil field come into development phase.

在油气藏中，由于裂缝是油气运移的良好通道，裂缝的存在将对储层中油气的渗透能力产生重大的影响，特别是当裂缝性油气田进入开发阶段。

Through the classifying analysis of crack genesis of one main disease of asphalt concrete pavement,combined with the working experience and according to various geneses,the article puts forward some points and views of crack prevention,and puts forward the comments to treat the crack disease referred for the designers of roads.

该文通过对沥青混凝土路面的主要病害之一的裂缝成因的分类分析，结合工作经验，针对各种成因，提出裂缝防治的一些观点和看法，并对裂缝病害提出处治意见，可供道路专业人员参考。

But the concrete is non- one kind homogenizes the fragility material, under having certain temperature and humidity situation, the concrete is hardened and produced the volume out of shape, he is out of shape and inconsistent because of making up the material of the concrete, restrain from, produce initial stress each other, cause between aggregate and stone bonding surface of cement or cement produce the very small crack between the stone,These cracks are irregular, discontinuous too, under the influence of external factor, may also develop into a macroscopical crack.

但混凝土是一种非匀质脆性材料，在具有一定的温度和湿度情况下，混凝土硬化并产生体积变形，由于组成混凝土的材料其变形不一致，互相约束产生初始应力，造成在骨料与水泥石粘结面之间或水泥石本身之间产生微细裂缝，这些裂缝既不规则，也不连贯，在外界因素影响下，还可能发展成宏观裂缝。

2Based on the nonlinear theory, we found the reservoir seismic nonlinearprediction and evaluation method technology, it is constituted by three nonlinearmethods and the technologys of the fracture prediction, the seismic inversion and thereservoir synthesis prediction evaluation: The seismic nonlinear prediction ofreservoir fracture is one new method which is composed with the phase spacereconstruction, the nonlinear parameters pick-up technology and the syntheticprediction evaluation method. The reservoir seismic high resolution nonlinearinversion is a new seismic inversion way which the BP algorithm is embeded in theauto-adapted genetic algorithms interior to have the predominances of neural networktechnology and genetic algorithms, it adopts the new embedded GA-BP mixalgorithms and the nonlinear mapping technology, and realizes the inversionautomatically, obtains the high resolution seismic inversion profile. The reservoirseismic nonlinear synthesis prediction and evaluation is a new method which iscombined organically of genetic algorithms and adaptive neural fuzzy inferencesystem, it will optimize the new seismic attribute space which are processed to take the input, uses the new adaptive mix algorithm which GDand LSE(least-square estimation) mix algorithms of ANFIS network insert to the GAinterior and taboo search algorithms is added to the intercrossed operation place,the simulation of the evaluation parameters is used quantitative evaluation guide lineto the reservoir quality and oil-gas distribution.

2基于非线性理论，创建了储层地震非线性预测与评价方法技术，它是由裂缝预测、地震反演和储层综合预测与评价等三大非线性方法与技术组成：储层裂缝地震非线性预测是由相空间重建、非线性参数提取与预测技术及综合评价方法组成的一种新型裂缝预测方法；储层地震高分辨率非线性反演是将BP算法嵌入自适应遗传算法内部所构成的集遗传算法和神经网络技术优势于一体的新的地震反演方法，它采用嵌入式新的混合算法及非线性映射技术，自动实现反演，获得高分辨率地震反演剖面；储层地震非线性综合预测与评价是由遗传算法与自适应神经网络—模糊推理系统有机地相结合而产生的储层预测与评价的新方法，它将优化处理所形成的新地震属性参数空间作为输入，采用将ANFIS网络中的混合算法嵌入到GA算法内部与禁忌搜索算法加在交叉操作处产生新的自适应混合算法，将综合评价参数作为储层品质和含油气性的定量评价指标。

If you are unfortunate enough to the lovelorn, please tell me, I will help you out, really, please contact me!

如果你不幸失恋了，请告诉我，我会帮助你摆脱困境，真的，请联系我啦！

China's plan to cut energy intensity by 20 percent and pollutant discharges by 10 percent between 2006 and 2010 is a case in point.

中国计划在2006年到2010间降低20%的能源强度和减少10%的主要污染物排放，就是一个这样的例子。