种差

This section presents two kinds of characteristic schemes, one is the natural use of the usual backward Euler characteristic difference scheme ( [60] ) onto the triangular mesh, the other replaces the backward Euler's method by modified Euler formula to approximate the characteristic differential equation, so that the discretization for characteristic curve can get up to second order accuracy.

本节给出了两种三角形网格上的特征差分格式，第一种是通常的向后Euler型特征差分格式（[60]）在三角形网格上的自然运用，第二种采用§3.3、§3.4的离散思想，使用改进的Euler公式代替向后Euler公式来近似特征微分方程，使其对特征线的离散达到了二阶精度。

When investors are in the treasury secondary market, they have to undertake two kinds of risks: the first one is yield risk, that is, return of investment is lower than inflation rate. This risk can be depicted as the deviation between the ROI and the inflation rate. Secondly, fluctuation risk in the treasury secondary market, that is, the uncertain fluctuation risk may be bullish or bearish in the treasury market.This risk can be depicted as the square deviation of the treasury price in the secondary market.

在国债现货二级市场上的投资者，要承担的风险主要有两种：第一种风险是收益率风险，也就是投资收益率可能低于通货膨胀率的风险，这种风险可以用与通货膨胀率相比较的差值的大小来描述；第二种风险是二级市场价格波动性风险，也就是市场价格上、下波动的不确定性风险，这种风险可以用二级市场价格的标准差来描述。

Five novel torsion-mirror optical actuators including double-beam thickness differential structure with single torsional axis, double flexible folded-beam structure with single torsional axis, double-beam vertical torsion comb structure with single torsion axis, four-beam differential compound-micromirror structure with double torsional axis and the combined structure of the four basis forms above, are brought forward. All of these devices could be fabricated by the same silicon micromachining process we have developed. The deformation compensation design with local enhancement for the thin torsional beam which is the key structure of these devices is also put forward to improve the reliability. The three-dimension solid model and two-dimension reduced order model of the torsion-mirror optical actuator are established and then the numerical simulations for evaluating the device characteristics of the statics, dynamics, electrostatic field, mechanical and electrostatic coupling, fluid and solid coupling are carried out to optimize the structure design. Furthermore, three optical fibre clamping structures which could be integrated monolithicly are designed and analyzed to improve the optical coupling capability. 4. Three flexible process flows combined with bulk silicon micromachining and surface silicon micromachining are brought forward to fabricate these novel single-crystal silicon or polysilicon torsion-mirror optical actuators by using the same lithography masks for both SOI wafer and regular silicon wafer. A series of important process experiments are carried out to optimize the process parameters and the process flows. Some novel and typical process phenomena which occurred during the microfabrication are analyzed and then the corresponding solutions are put forward. 5. A MEMS dynamic testing system which exploit blur image synthetic technique, stroboscopic image matching technique, stroboscopic mirau microscopic interferometry technique and microscopic laser dopper vibrometer technique is set up to measure three-dimension and six-freedom micro motions of any MEMS devices with nanometer resolution.

在对硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的光机电特性系统地理论研究的基础上提出了硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的结构设计准则。3、提出了单轴双梁厚度差分结构、单轴双柔性折叠梁结构、单轴双梁垂直扭转梳齿结构、双轴四梁差动复合微镜结构以及以上四种基本结构组合后的衍生结构等五种工艺加工技术兼容的新型的硅微机械扭转镜光致动器，对器件关键结构薄厚度、高耐疲劳扭转梁进行了局部加强的变形补偿设计，建立了器件的三维实体模型以及两维降阶模型，对提出的新结构硅微机械扭转镜光致动器进行了系统的静力学、动力学、静电场、力电耦合和流体固体耦合的建模仿真与优化设计，同时设计并分析了三种可实现单芯片集成的弹性光纤定位夹紧结构。4、提出了组合体硅微加工技术与表面硅微加工技术、兼容同一套光刻版图、可分别基于SOI 晶片和普通Si 晶片、适应于制造提出的各种新结构单晶硅和多晶硅硅微机械扭转镜光致动器的三套柔性加工工艺流程，开展了一系列重要工艺步骤的单项工艺试验，对工艺流程与工艺参数进行了优化，针对加工过程中出现的具有普遍意义的典型工艺问题进行了讨论和分析，并提出了解决方法。5、创新性地将模糊图像合成技术、频闪图像匹配技术、频闪Mirau 显微干涉技术与显微激光多普勒测振技术有机结合，建立起了一套周期运动测量与瞬态运动测量相结合、单点运动测量与全视场运动测量相结合、满足不同MEMS 器件各种动态测试要求的集成的MEMS 三维六自由度微运动精密测量系统。

These methods will be studied separately with the Euler implicit difference scheme and the Euler explicit difference scheme.

第一种方法是两层有限元Galerkin方法，第二种方法是修正有限元Galerkin方法，对这几种算法我们分别在欧拉显式差分格式和欧拉隐式差分格式下进行讨论研究。

The avenue planting of nine cities in Zhejiang has the following characters: 1. Avenue planting tree species are plenty; 2. Avenue planting benefits among the cities are not uniform and tree species used are various; 3. Tree species used for avenue planting are simple and landscape effects unideal; 4. Cultivated manner and stratal structure are simple, ecological benefits no good; 5. The tree species ratio, of evergreen with deciduous, of fast-growing with slow-growing, is out of proportion, and short-term...

通过对浙江省具代表性的9个主要城市行道绿化状况的调查分析，结果表明浙江省城市行道绿化具以下几个特点：①行道树种资源丰富；②城市之间绿化效果差异悬殊，所采用的绿化树种各有侧重；③绿化树种单一，色彩单调，景观效果差；④栽植配置方式单一，层次结构简单，生态效益差；⑤常绿树种与落叶树种、速生树种与慢生树种比例失调，近期效益考虑多，远期效益考虑少。

Every treatment combination has 4 replications.(1)The germination indexes of the former are higher than that of the latter; the germination of the former is stimulated by NaCl density of 0.3 %, while that of the later is restrained by all kinds of NaCl density.(2)With increasing of temperature and PEG indesity,the order of germination rate and vigor of Bromus stamineus and Bromus inermis is decreaced.(3)Under treatment of broadcast sowing and plant density of 549kermels·m~(-2), Bromus stamineus has the highest bud rate, fresh weight, seed yield, while treated with 25cm row spacing and 412kermels·m~(-2) plant densities, tillers, plant height, growth rate increased to the top;(4) Under treatment of broadcast sowing and plant density of 549kermels·m~(-2), its growth rate is took second place, while treated with 15cm row spacing and 824kermels·m~(-2) plant densities, it has the highest seed yield

3撒播时，引进种在播种密度为549粒·m~(-2)处理下单位面积出苗率最高，分蘖数最多，鲜重最大，单株最高，种子产量最大；生长速度在播种密度为412粒·m~(-2)处理下生长最快，密度为549粒·m~(-2)处理下稍次之，结合方差分析可以初步确定它在撒播时的播种密度为549粒·m~(-2)；(4)条播时，在行距为25cm、播种密度为412粒·m~(-2)处理下单位面积分蘖数最多，鲜重最大，单株最高，生长速度最快；种子产量在行距为15cm、播种密度为824粒·m~(-2)处理下最大，在行距为25cm、密度412粒·m~(-2)处理下次之；结合方差分析，就3种规格的行距来说，引进美国无芒雀麦条播时的行距为25cm，播种密度为412粒·m~(-2)；就这两种播种方式来说，应该选择撒播。

The article introduces two arithmetic of partial differential,and analyses the method of using compare the current vector of coupler breaker,and provides sampling arithmetic and vector arithmetic.

母线微机保护装置已发展的比较成熟，装置通用的选择故障母线的方法是利用总差动和分差动相配合；文中介绍了利用分差动选择故障母线时的两种算法，分析了利用母联电流方向比较元件选择故障母线的方法，并从瞬时值方面和向量值方面提供了两种算法。

By the modem time series analysis method, based on the ARMA innovation model, under the linear minimum variance optimal information fusion criterion, three distributed fusion steady-state optimal Kalman filters, predictors and smoothers weighted by matrices, scalars, and diagonal matrices are presented for multisensor systems with correlated input and observation noises, and with correlated observation noises. The Lyapunov equations and formulas of computing local filtering, predicting and smoothing error variances and covariances are given, which are applied to compute optimal weights. The corresponding three distributed fusion Wiener state estimators are also presented.

应用现代时间序列分析方法，基于自回归滑动平均新息模型，在线性最小方差最优信息融合准则下，对于带相关输入噪声和观测噪声和带相关的观测噪声的多传感器系统，提出了按矩阵加权、按标量加权和按对角阵加权的三种分布式融合稳态Kalman滤波器、预报器和平滑器，其中提出了局部滤波、预报和平滑估值误差方差阵和协方差阵的Lyapunov方程和计算公式，它们被用于计算最优加权，也提出了相应的三种分布式融合Wiener状念估值器。

Based on the above-mentioned parameter, according to the relationship between robust estimation and nonlinear diffusion, the Turkey loss function is introduced as the diffusion function in SAR image decomposition because of its better performance, and the contour of an image is extracted by the Turkey diffusion function with the proposed diffusion parameter mentioned above. The experiment results indicate that the Turkey loss function based diffusion process can strengthen the conspicuous contour. Additionally, a Raita\'s criterion-based method, solving the automatic diffusion threshold, is proposed to automatically set the threshold in diffusion decomposition.

针对基于梯度参数和局域方差系数的扩散在对SAR图像进行分解时存在的缺陷，提出了一种局域方差系数与窗口幅度均值积的扩散系数，该系数能够更有效地实现潜在目标区域和背景区域的区分；在此基础上，根据鲁棒估计与非线性扩散的联系，引入扩散效果更好的Turkey损失函数作为图像分解中的扩散函数，并结合局域方差系数与窗口幅度均值积的扩散参数来提取图像的轮廓，结果表明：基于Turkey损失函数的扩散过程对特征突出的边缘所起的&强化作用&更加明显；此外，针对扩散分解中的阈值确定问题，提出了一种基于拉依达准则的扩散阈值自动求解方法，实现了扩散阈值的自动求解。

This demonstrates that it is necessary to carry out variance-covariance component estimation for the double-differenced GPS observables.

结果 两种方法估计的方差－协方差阵都与常用的先验协方差阵有明显区别；两种方法估计计算结果非常接近。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。