生态群落

The author investigated the community of grasshoppers in Changbai Mountain area during the period of July to September 2001, complementally collected specimen and systematically collected and measured environmental factors from July to October in the following year, and consulted to specimen collected by Fengling Zhang and Yanlong-yang in 1979, 1980 and 1981. By analyzing and classifying the data of five years, the author analyzed the community construction and ecological adaptability of the grasshoppers in the area. The main aspects dealing with the grasshoppers are as follows:(1)the community construction and faunal geographical elements;(2)characteristics of their ecological distribution;(3)vertical distribution of grasshoppers in the northern slop;(4)the relationship between environmental factors and differences in shape of grasshoppers in different vertical belt of northern slop, etc.

本文作者于2001年7～9月间系统地调查了长白山地区的蝗虫，并于2002年的7月到10月间对标本进行了补充采集，并对环境因子数据进行了系统的测量和收集，同时参考张凤岭、杨彦龙先生1979、1980和1981三年采集的标本，通过对标本的鉴定和整理，采用五年的野外工作数据，对长白山地区蝗虫群落结构及生态适应特性进行了研究，主要研究内容包括：蝗虫的群落结构及区系地理成分；蝗虫生态分布特点；保护区北坡蝗虫垂直分布及不同垂直带内蝗虫的形态差异和环境因子之间的关系等方面内容。

Karst moss is a unique ecosystem, which provide good environment for abundant biodiversity of epiphyte aquatic protozoan community.

岩溶藓类是一种独特的生态系统类型，维持了丰富的附生水生原生动物群落多样性。2006年11月26日至2007年1月26日，对贵阳市香纸沟岩溶沉积环境中8种藓类附生水生原生动物群落进行了野外生态调查，采集样品和标本48份。

Vegetation ecotype tend to be xerophyte and even hyper-xerophyte and finally replaced by annual plant. Community structure and species diversity also decrease as the ecological environment worsen, In this process, the height, coverage and biomass decreases by 56.6%、 80.8% and 74.2% respectively compared to steppe, and the indices of species richness, diversity and evenness decrease by 76.4%、 56.7% and 32.0%, but β diversity indices increase by 14.6 times, especially the decease of species gregariousness and the breadth and overlay of species Niche shows that grassland tend to be more sandy and vegetation retrogression succession take place.

其中，植被生态型逐渐由中旱生向旱生、超旱生过渡，并最终被一年生植被替代；群落结构及多样性呈明显递减规律，到严重沙化阶段，草群高度、盖度、生物量与典型草原相比，下降幅度分别达到56.6%、80.8%和74.2%；物种丰富度、多样性及均匀性分别降低76.4%、56.7%和32.0%；而群落β多样性增长14.6倍，特别是多年生物种群聚度降低和生态位宽度、生态位重叠值的下降，表明草地沙化，植被发生逆行演替。

Results show that phanerophytes is the dominant life form in the three forests, in which micro-phanerophytes is in the largest proportion, and then followed by hemicryptophytes. In the three communities, the principal leaf size is mesophyl1, the main light eco-form is heliophyle, and the dominating water eco-form is mesophyte.

结果发现，3个群落都以高位芽植物为主，其次为地面芽植物；在高位芽植物中又都以小高位芽植物比例较高；3个群落的叶型谱以小型叶为主，光照生态类型谱以阳生种类为主，水分生态类型谱以中生种类占优势。

Key research topics related to re-establishment of sculpin species include comparing spawning ecology and early life history of each species, determining population structure, and evaluating the feasibility of live-transfer methods.

群落和生态系统水平相互影响的关键研究题目包括了解群落功能的大尺度方向性的影响，拓展目前广泛接受的大湖生态演替观点，并且决定深水鱼类依日周期在垂直方向上迁移的进化角色。

We took Picea mongolica forest in Baiyinaobao natural preserve InnerMongolia Autonomous Region as the research object,studied its environment,autecology,population ecology,community ecology,ecosystem ecology and socialecology systematically.

本文以内蒙古白音敖包自然保护区的沙地云杉林为研究对象，通过大量的野外调查、室内分析和资料收集，从保护生态学的观点出发，对沙地云杉林的环境、个体生态、种群生态、群落生态和生态系统生态以及社会生态进行了全面系统的研究。

The rule of ecological succession was studied in combined anaerobic process treating antibiotic wastewater. The structure and the metabolize model of granule sludge were founded primarily. The bionomic succession was a dynamic process, and would be developed in the perfect ways through control of bionomic factors and non-bionomic factors.

本文同时系统地研究了复合厌氧法处理抗生素废水的微生物群落演替规律，初步建立了处理抗生素废水的复合厌氧反应器中颗粒污泥的代谢模型，并指出，微生物的群落演替是动态的，通过对生态因子和非生态因子的人为调控，可以使演替按照理想的方向发展。

The species diversity index of the Potaninia mongolica community was higher than that of three other communities and lower than that of Oxytropis bicolor community, and Potaninia mongolica, its dominant tree was stabile, therefore the community was a stabile community.

绵刺+珍珠猪毛菜+泡泡刺群落物种多样性指数比较高，生态优势度也较高，该群落比较稳定，其建群种的绵刺种群同样处于稳定阶段，所以群落是比较稳定的。

Aimed at the increasing eco-environmental problems, including water shortage, water pollution, soil salinization, water loss and soil erosion, loss of function of the channel and river, biocenose degradation, etc, which severely infected the sustainable development for irrigation area, the main works in this paper are summarized as followed: constituting the measures of water resources shortages for developing agricultural water-saving technologies and adjusting agricultural structures; constructing the water polluting control and purification system of Mushroom lake: source control and decrement-sewage collection and treatment - channel ecological interception - wetland treatment -reservoir purification; putting forward the systematic projects for soil salinization and water loss and soil erosion of the integrated application of water conservancy agriculture and forestry.; constructing the ecological impervious channel model in west bank, from all of which theoretical bases and technical support for the eco-environmental rehabilitant in Manasi irrigation area were offered. All of these works were based on data collection, technical analysis, on-the-spot investigation, experimental research and technical development about Manasi irrigation area, etc.

通过对玛纳斯河灌区进行资料查阅收集、理论分析、现场勘察、试验研究和技术开发等途径，针对玛纳斯河灌区存在的水资源短缺、水体污染、土壤盐渍化、水土流失、沟渠河道功能缺失、生物群落退化等日益突出的严重影响灌区可持续发展的生态环境问题，制定了发展农业节水技术、调整农业结构的灌区水资源短缺的措施，构建了&源头控制减量-污水收集处理-引水调控-渠道生态截留-湿地生态处理-库区生态净化&的蘑菇湖水污染控制与净化系统；提出水利、农业、林业综合应用的灌区土壤盐渍化、水土流失问题的综合治理方案；构建了西岸大渠生态防渗型渠系模式，为玛纳斯河灌区生态环境修复建设提供了理论基础和技术支持。

Using the classic plot survey method （survey area is 7 200 m^2）, niche breath and niche overlap values of ten dominant species were calculated, with layer as one-dimension resource state and abundance as index, in the Pinus kwangtungensis community in Nanling National Nature Reserve of Guangdong.

在广东南岭国家级自然保护区广东松Pinus kwangtungensis群落内，通过典型样地调查（调查面积共7200m^2），以不同林层作为一维资源位，以个体多度作为计测指标，计测了广东松群落中10个优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠值。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。