生态群落

Based on the data collected from 8 plots and using Shannon and Simpson index, this paper calculated and analyzed diversity of Eupatorium catarium community in Hainan. And, niche breadth and niche overlap of E. catarium community were analyzed by using Levins and Pianka formulae. The results were as follows:(1)The diversity of E.

基于对海南儋州地区假臭草群落的调查，应用辛普森和香农指数测定了该地区不同生境类型的假臭草群落的生物多样性；并以各种杂草的重要值作为生态位计算的资源状态指标，应用Levins公式和Pianka公式计算分析了该地区假臭草群落各物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠。

From the point of view of geobotany, with the method of correlative factors of growth of plants, a countrywide theoretic ecological division was done for the introduction of Camptotheca acuminata and three kinds of areas of ecological preferent zone, ecological adaptive zone and ecological unadaptable zone were divided. With the theory of synecology, the characteristic on environment, constitution, life form spectrum, diversity, similarity of plots of communities were researched. Applying the method of species association, discrete distribution, indensity index, fractal geometry, etc. to research relations between the species of the communities, space distribution of Camptotheca acuminata, structure of age of Camptotheca acuminata, in different communities. Using the theories of autoecology, distibutons of seeds on land and growth of seedlings in vertical and horizontal directions, biomass of organ of Camptotheca acuminata were analyzed. On the opinions of conservation biology, the external and internal factors impressing Camptotheca acuminata were analyzed to research the mechanism of the endangered species, and with using of CTM Model, the future development direction of Camptotheca acuminata in different communities were forecasted, and. Standing on the position of resources ecology, discussing the regularity of camptothein in Camptotheca acuminata of different sites and seeding of different resources, also the the derive technics of camptothecin.

本文从地植物学的角度，运用植物生长相关因子法，对我国喜树资源的生态适宜区进行了划分，理论上确定了我国的喜树的引种栽培的最适生活区域、生态适宜区域和不适宜生活区域；从群落生态学的角度，对野生喜树所在的典型群落的群落环境、群落组成、群落生活型谱、群落的物种多样性特点、群落样地间相似性进行了研究；从种群生态学的角度，运用种间联结性、离散分布模型、聚集强度指数、分析几何等分析手段，对野生喜树所在典型群落间的种间关系、喜树的空间分布格局、年龄结构等进行了分析；从个体生态学的角度，对不同年龄组的喜树的种子的散落的垂直分布、水平分布、时间分布及种子发芽率和千里重等特点、不同种源的人工喜树苗期特点、喜树的高生长和茎生长特点、喜树的器官生物量特点进行了研究；从保护生物学的角度，对野生喜树的濒危的内部因素和外部因素进行了探讨，并运用CTM模型对不同群落中野生喜树的种群趋势进行了预测；从资源生态学的角度，对我国地理环境下喜树中喜树碱含量的地理分布规律、不同种源的喜树幼苗中喜树碱含量变化规律进行了研究，并对喜树碱的提取工艺进行了探讨。

Species richness and Pielou evenness index were used to measure species diversity. Species richness in polluted area was 32-67, while in control area it was 47-82. Pielou evenness index of tree layer was 0.1161-0.8509, while those of shrub layer and herb layer were 0.1763-0.3249 and 0.0443-0.2601, respectively. The results showed that both species richness and Pielou evenness index were influenced by the point source pollution. Species importance values showed significant differences between polluted area and control area. Dominance of different species had changed, and some species even disappeared under the pressure of pollution, indicating a process of species replacement in plant communities. Such species replacement can provide a scientific basis for species selection for restoration of human-damaged ecosystem. The natural regeneration of Quercus variabilis was insensitive to pollution, while Cupressus funebris was effected seriously.

仅在污染区中出现的物种数量远低于仅在对照区中出现的物种数量；(2)可分出4种基本的群落类型：马尾松林、柏木林、栓皮栎林和马尾松＋栓皮栎林，各群落特定层次的物种丰富度指数以及Pielou均匀度指数在污染区与对照区之间存在显著差异；(3)污染胁迫下，物种在群落中的生态优势度发生了变化，反映了群落中不同物种相互替代的过程，这种物种的替代可为今后受损生态系统人为恢复过程中物种的筛选提供一定的理论参考；(4)对群落中王要物种更新的调查发现：栓皮栎林对污染不敏感；柏木林污染区与对照区幼苗数量及分布格局均有明显差异，污染条件下群落未来演替受到严重干扰。

Behaviour ecology, physio-ecology and community ecology of vines in the evergreen broad-leaved forest of Tiantong National Forest Park, Zhejiang Province, China, were studied and rich first-hand data were collected in this project.Some vines with different climbing motheds were much different in leaf anatomy, ecophysiology, growth rhythm and behavior, and another vines with same climbing methods showed similar adaptation to habitat, on which their distribution in a forest depended. The concept of climbing unit consisted of internode, leaves and tendrils or other climbing organs on it was put forth, and the method to calculate and value the climbing capaity of a vine was set up. In the meantime,experimental ecology of a twining vine Humulus scandens was carried out.

本项目以浙江天童常绿阔叶林为基地，从行为生态、生理生态和群落生态学等角度较系统深入地研究了常绿阔叶林藤本植物的生态适应特征，取得了丰富的第一手资料，结果表明不同攀援类型的藤本在形态结构、生理生态、生长和攀援行为上表现出明显的差异，而同一攀援类型的藤本表现出较大的趋同适应的特征，但也存在着差异，这些特征或差异决定了它们在群落中分布的层次和与支持木之间的作用方式；提出了攀援单位的概念，初步建立了攀援能力的测定和评估方法。

With spatial sequence taking the place of temporal sequence and succession time as ecological dimension, the niche volumes and overlaps of various species were quantitatively investigated in the manmade florae of Shapotou Area to study the resource-exploiting capacities, interspecific similarities and competition mechanisms of various community components of manmade florae in sand areas in community succession.

在沙坡头沙区人工植被群落区，采用空间序列代替时间序列，并以演替时间为生态位维度，通过定量分析物种的生态位体积和生态位重迭，研究沙区人工植物群落演替过程中群落各组分种对资源的利用能力、种间生态相似性及竞争机制。

With spatial sequence taking the place of temporal sequence and succession time as ecological dimension, the niche volumes and overlaps of various species were quantitatively investigated in the manmade florae of Shapotou Area to study the resource-exploiting capacities, interspecific similarities and competition mechanisms of various community components of manmade florae in sand areas in community succession.

在沙坡头沙区人工植被群落区，采用空间序列代替时间序列，并以演替时间为生态位维度，通过定量分析物种的生态位体积和生态位重叠，研究沙区人工植物群落演替过程中群落各组分种对资源的利用能力、种间生态相似性及竞争机制。

Soil moisture, soil salinity and soil acidity, by Levins formula and the method by Wang gang.

结果如下：1在群落梯度上，生态位大小依次为红砂( 0 。70 1 0 )，梭梭( 0 。6 4 34 )，角果藜( 0 。4 774 )，雾冰藜( 0 。374 5 )，盐爪爪( 0 。35 4 1 )，叉毛蓬( 0 。335 4 )和碱蓬( 0 。2 76 9)；2红砂在土壤水分、土壤盐分、土壤酸碱度维上的生态位分别为 0 。5 2 74 ，0 。6 0 39和 0 。36 2 0 ，梭梭在这 3维上分别为 0 。332 0 ，0 。30 83和 0 。5 1 0 3，从生态位宽度看，红砂和梭梭处于优势种地位，其余为非优势种；3每个物种在群落梯度上的生态位宽度基本大于在上述 3个资源轴上的平均生态位；4红砂与梭梭在土壤盐分维上的生态位重叠最大( 0 。4 2 0 3)，表明了这两个优势种在利用土壤盐分方面有相似的特性

Quadrats were divided into eight types of communities by TWINSPAN, which can be treated as one-dimension resource states. The niche breadths and overlaps of main dominant species were measured using a series of indices proposed by Levins, Shannon-wiener and Petraitis.

运用TWINSPAN把样方分为8个群落类型，用Levins、Shannon-wiener生态位宽度公式和Petraitis生态位特定重叠指数公式测定群落中主要种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠，并分析各种群生态位的生态学意义。

The semi-variogram values of above-ground biomass of perennial herbs and Mesophytes, following the increase of spatial distances, showed decreasing trends when semi-variogram values exceeded the effective range.

群落中生态功能群旱生植物的波动变化不仅对群落盖度、草场的生产力有直接的影响，而且对草场群落及其生态系统的稳定和生态功能的发挥具有重要作用。

The basic knowledge of development trend and the environmental factors, quarantine, prevention and cure period, the relationship between plant communities, and summary of forest prevention and control, quarantine prevention, physical and chemical control and biological control method.is as follows.

基本摸清了该虫发展趋势与环境因子、检疫、防治时期、植物生态群落之间的关系，并总结出营林防治、物理防治、检疫防治、生物防治、化学防治等防治方法。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。