现实主义的

From this starting point,Aronrefuses both idealism,which protest unconditionally univeral peace,and realism,which assertspower politics,but advocates antinomic prudence,which recognizes both the antinomybetween unversal peace and particular interests of states,which make it necessary to supportinternationa normals with force,and the aspect of humanity which hope for peace,whichrequires states to admit multiplicity,and make some concession in a case if necessary,so as tokeep the world peaceful in the short run and the long run.

由此出发，阿隆既反对抽象地主张世界和平的理想主义，又反对主张强权政治的现实主义，而主张二律背反的审慎理性：既要注意到普遍和平与各国利益之间的二律背反，以武力支持国际规范的执行，又要注意到人性追求和平的一面，承认世界的多元性，并在一定条件下做出让步，才能维护和发展世界和平。

Extravagant France often can be experienced in the work that we wait for critically realistic writers in mulberry of fruit of Baerzake, rain, Mo Bo brownstone social situation, there is no lack of to be described to what women install late among them, imagine not hard, the social activity that late outfit is evening this kind only and expensive dress of preparation is by extravagant at that time temporarily Parisian circle spreads to come outwards.

我们在巴尔扎克、雨果、莫泊桑等批判现实主义作家们的作品中经常能够感受到奢靡的法国上流社会的社交场合，其中不乏对于女子们晚装的描述，不难想象，晚装这种专为晚间的社交活动而预备的奢华服饰是由当时奢靡一时的巴黎社交圈向外蔓延开来的。

American Pop was born in the 1960s, with the emergence of international masters like Andy Warhol, James Rosenquist and Roy Lichtenstein. Andy Warhol has had a tremendous influence on the development of Chinese art. Performance art emerged in the 1970s as well as Nam June Paik's video art and Christo and Jeanne-Claude's installation art. Sigmar Polke and Gerhard Richter were among the leaders of the Post Modern movement, which also flourished in the 1970s. Among them, Richter has had the most significant impact on Chinese art. New Expressionism emerged in the United States during the 1980s with artists such as Keith Haring, installation artist Ann Hamilton, and Cindy Sherman whose work is somewhat derived from New Expressionism.

进入50年代又出现了格林伯格画派、形式主义绘画，以及具象复活等等。50年代后期出现了新现实主义画派，以及为心灵而创作的博伊斯。60年代美国波普艺术诞生，出现了安迪·沃霍、罗森奎斯特、利希滕斯坦这样的世界级大师人物，其中安迪·沃霍对中国的影响最大。70年代出现身体艺术、行为艺术、白南准的电子艺术、克里斯托和珍妮—克劳德的包裹艺术，以及以波尔克、里希特、巴尔德萨利的后现代主义，其中里希特在中国影响巨大。80年代出现了美国新表现主义如基斯·哈林，装置如汉密尔顿，以及辛迪·舍曼的挪用。

A problem of representation. In the 19th century, Courbet led fine arts to leap beyond representation of the visual forms into representation of social realities. Shortly after, in the field of literature, Lukacs posed a higher requirement for Realism: the duty of art is to give a truthful representation of the real world.

在此之前，关于艺术与现实的关系的思考一直停留在视觉层面，即再现的问题上，而库尔贝使美术从视觉再现意义上的真实走向了社会表征意义上的现实，之后，在文学领域中，卢卡奇对现实主义又提出了更高的要求："艺术的任务是对现实整体进行忠实和真实的描写。"

The spatial narrative structures in Calvino's fictions can be divided into three types :"the building of two worlds "is the main way in the earlier writing phase of Neorealist and Fairy tale .Dimidiation and mergence is the art feature .It signs that the sense of the world and the creative ideas of the writer start to form;"Synchrony and Juxtaposition "and "Crystal pattern "are the prominent characteristics during his Postmodernism writings phase. The writer takes the complex and diverse form of space art, such as segments、juxtaposition、defamiliarization、crystal's combination and derivatives, ect. to represent the essence of the world, and to exprsee the writer's confusion and efforts to understand and build a sense of it.

卡尔维诺小说的空间叙事结构具有阶段性，可以分为三种不同的类型："两个世界的构建"是早期新现实主义和童话寓言创作阶段的主要方法，二分和弥合是其艺术特点，标志作家世界感和创作观念开始形成；"共时并置"和"晶体模式"则是后现代主义小说创作时期的突出特征，作家以片断、并置、陌生化、晶体组合衍生等复杂多样的空间化艺术形式来表现世界的本质以及自身理解世界、构建意义的困惑和努力。

I would rather speak of the genre of the revolutionary idyll: and indeed, in his Versions of Pastoral (1960), William Empson went a long way towards assimilating socialist realism in general to such a form, which, with its shepherds and shepherdesses and its rural peacefulness and fulfillment, seems to have died out everywhere in the literature of the bourgeois age as such.

这里我想谈谈革命的抒情诗这一文类：实际上，在威廉·燕卜荪的《田园诗种种》（ Versions of Pastoral， 1960）里，他走了很长的路才把社会主义现实主义吸纳到这种形式，鉴于其中所描写的牧羊的男女，乡村的恬静和满足，这种形式似乎在资产阶级时期的文学里已经完全消失。

As a poet and literary theorist, Hu Feng bears resentment against two literary trends: one is Zhou Zuoren's and Lin Yutang's "interest-oriented" and "true nature" school, which he thinks goes against the spirit of the times, and the other is the so-called "dialectical materialist mode of writing" introduced from the Soviet Union by the League of Leftist Writers as well as the "subjective formulism" and "objectivism" within those leftist writers, which he believes is contrary to the "realistic" principle of writing.

胡风生平简要。胡风对两种文学倾向不满。一种是对周作人和林语堂的脱离现实的"兴趣主义"和"性灵主义"不满，认为这是与时代精神向背离的；一种是对"左联"内部的从前苏联引进的所谓"辩证唯物主义创作方法"以及其后在"左联"作家队伍中所产生的"主观公式主义"、"客观主义"不满，认为这是违背现实主义'，创作原则的。

Concerning the character and teaching of Scotus we have already spoken in the special article, where it was stated that he has been unjustly charged with Indeterminism, excessive Realism, Pantheism, Nestorianism, etc. What has been there said holds good of Scotism in general, the most important doctrines of which were substantially developed by Scotus himself.

关於性质和教学的司各脱我们已经谈过的特别规定，如果有人说，他一直受到不公正的指控非决定，过多的现实主义，泛神论，景教等什麼一直在那里说，拥有良好的Scotism一般而言，最重要的理论，这大大开发的司各脱自己。

The appearance of the Chinese Archetypal Criticism is directly related to the new condition of the literatus at that time, such as the weakening of the realism, and the appearance of a new kind of literature form with the similar aesthetic conceptions to the Archetypal Criticism.

新时期本土文艺观的转变为原型批评进入本土话语体系清除了认识上的隔阂，以往强大的现实主义话语的势危为原型批评的异军突起创造了机会，而本土文学创作中一种与原型批评审美观相近的文学形态的出现，又为原型批评向批评实践的渗透准备了充分条件。

Mauriac dualistic principle is also reflected in the traditional inheritance and beyond, money is devoid of humanity, money evil theme in France critical realism Balzac creative writers reached a peak. Mauriac her favorite works of Balzac, in his works will carry the imprint of Balzac. on the theme of inheritance money is the best proof.

莫里亚克二元对立原则还表现在对传统的继承与超越上，金钱泯灭人性，金钱之恶的主题在法国批判现实主义作家巴尔扎克创作中达到了顶峰，莫里亚克自幼喜爱巴尔扎克的作品，因此在他的作品中势必会带有巴尔扎克的印记，对金钱主题的继承就是最好的明证。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。