热带

The major types of China tropical forests are: tropical rain forest (including humid rain forest and mountain rain forest); tropical seasonal rain forest (including half-evergreen seasonal rain forest, deciduous seasonal rain forest, limestone seasonal rain forest); south sea coral island vegetation; coast mangrove.

次生林占热带地区林地面积的48.33%，占有林地总面积的50.63%。中国热带林地和次生林的实际数字估计要比这一数值大6%以上，因为中国这几年高度重视林业建设，森林植被特别是热带森林植被恢复得很快，林地和次生林一直在不断增加。

Based on the monthly mean data of the sea level pressure and the sea surface temperature over the Pacific during the years of 1957-1976, we have calculated the lag correlation between the SST averaged over the eastern equatorial Pacific region (5°N-5°S, 80°-180°w) and the sea level pressure field of the North Pacific.

发现赤道海温的变化，就北太平洋而言，主要是受该洋东南部低层副热带及气旋的控制，而赤道海温对副热带高压的反馈，主要是发生在太平洋中部对流层副热带高压中心附近地区。

North of subtropical zone prevails midlatitude westerly wind, and its south easterly wind.

副热带的北侧为中纬度西风气流，南侧盛行热带东风气流，副热带高压是联结中低纬度天气和气候系统的纽带。

Affected by the enhanced weakness in the subtropical ridge brought by the passage of Tropical Cyclone Matmo and the active southwest monsoon, it moved northeastwards.

初时它受到被热带气旋麦德姆和西风槽扩大的副热带高压脊弱点及活跃西南季候风的影响，该热带低气压初时向东北移动。

The results show that when the tropical western Pacific is in a warming state in spring, convective activities are intensified around the Philippines. In this case, there is a cyclonic anomaly circulation in the lower troposphere over the South China Sea, and the western Pacific subtropical high shifts eastward, thus, the early onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon can be caused. Moreover, when the tropical western Pacific is also in a warming state, convective activities around the Philippines are also strong in summer, since the western Pacific subtropical high abruptly shifts northward in mid-June and early July during its northward advance in this case, the abrupt northward-shift of the East Asian summer monsoon rainband from South China to the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River valleys is obvious in mid-June and this monsoon rainband again jumps northward from the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River valleys to the Yellow River valley, North China and Northeast China in early July.

分析结果表明：当春季热带西太平洋处于暖状态，菲律宾周围对流活动强，在这种情况下，南海上空对流层下层有气旋性距平环流，西太平洋副热带高压偏东，从而使得南海夏季风爆发早；并且，当夏季热带西太平洋也处于暖状态，菲律宾周围对流活动也很强，在这种情况下，西太平洋副热带高压北进时，在6月中旬和7月初存在明显的突跳，从而使得东亚季风雨带在6月中旬明显由华南北跳到江淮流域，并于7月初由江淮流域北跳到黄河流域、华北和东北地区。

On the contrary, the anomaly of sensible and latent heat fluxes in winter, spring and autumn over extratropical Pacific are the main factors that lead to the anomaly of SSTA. This implies that atmosphere is active.

在热带海洋及夏季热带外海洋的同期海气热交换中，海洋占主导地位；与此相反，在冬春季和秋季的热带外海洋上，潜热和感热的异常可能是造成热带外海洋海温异常变化的重要因子，也即大气占主导地位。

The main provinces are the Boreal, which coves all of the north temperate; the Neotropical, covering tropical Central and South America; the Paleotropical, covering tropical Africa and Asia; the Australian; the Cape Province, covering a small area around the Cape of Good Hope; and the Antarctic, including New Zealand and temperate South America.

主要的植物区包括：泛北极植物区，覆盖了所有的北温带；新热带植物区，覆盖热带中部和南美洲；旧热带植物区，覆盖非洲热带和亚洲；澳洲植物区；好望角植物区，覆盖好望角周围的一个较小的区；南极植物区，包括新西兰和南美温带。

Among tropical elements, the genera of Pantropical distribution contribute from 13.64% to 46% of the total genera in regional floras with the highest proportion in dry and hot valleys in western and southeastern Yunnan, and the genera of Tropical Asian distribution contribute from 3.33% to 42.26% with the highest proportion in southern Yunnan.

在热带成分中，全热带分布属占13.64%~46%，居热带成分之首，其最大值出现在云南怒江和元江的干热河谷；热带亚洲分布属占3.33%~42.26%，最大值出现在云南南部。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

Thanks to the western Pacific subtropical high, connecting the mid-latitude with the low-latitude circulation; meanwhile, its location and intensity obviously impact on the rain belt, storm rainfall, dryness-wetness, and typhoon track of China, studying the evolution law of the western Pacific subtropical high, has very important theoretic and realistic significance.

由于副热带高压中的西太平洋副热带高压是连接东亚地区中低纬环流系统的纽带，且其位置、强度如何直接对我国的雨带、暴雨、早涝以及台风路径等产生十分重要的影响，因此对副热带高压，尤其是西太平洋副热带高压变异规律的研究具有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。