法律的保护

Chapter 1 is a preface to introduce the motives of this paper research methods scope restriction and frame Chapter 2 will fist introduce the concept of database and then discuss the necessity of database protection in the creating methods and with or without originality This chapter will put emphasis on the importance of originality to database Chapter 3 will observe the British America and Germany's viewpoint of originality to discuss their legislative mode of database legal protection Chapter will introduce EU Directive/96/9/EC of database protection and four judges of EU Court after the Directive takes effect in 2004 to find how the ECJ use the Directive Then according to the DG Internal Market and Service Working Pater and BEUC's evaluation of the Directive this paper will find whether there is positive reaction and influence in database market after EU member countries take the same legislations with the Directive Section 5 will introduce the legislation of British and Germany following the Directive and analyze the development and questions of the two countries' current legislation Chapter 5 will start with Americas case Feist v Jane Doe to understand the case's influence to American legal protection of databases and introduce the Parliament's proposal after the EU Directive Chapter 6 will introduce Japan legislation regarding legal protection of database works and discuss the goodness and badness through Japan academy and judicial viewpoint Chapter 7 will introduce Taiwan's legislation to find whether current law provides enough and adequate protection to databases and discuss whether there is a necessity of amendment At last this paper will try to provide some suggestions about our legislation Chapter 8 is the conclusion of this paper

第二章首先介绍资料库之概念，并以建置方式与是否具原创性区分方式探讨资料库法律保护之必要性，而因著眼原创性对於资料库法律保护之重要性，便於第三章以比较法独立观察英、美、德国对原创性之观点，以接续探讨三国对资料库所采取之立法途径。第四章部份介绍欧盟资料库保护指令之相关规定，并就指令公布后，欧盟法院於2004年接续作出四个关於资料库保护之判决加以介绍，以期寻求欧盟法院如何运用指令规范中之构成要件，而后并参考欧盟委员会工作小组及消费者组织报告对欧体资料库指令之评估文献，探究欧盟各国采取与指令相同立法后，在资料库市场上是否有正面的回应及影响，并於第五节针对英、德两国跟进欧盟资料库保护指令立法之介绍，并归纳、检讨英、德两国之现行法制之发展与所面临之问题。第五章延续第三章、第四章论述后，进入美国1991年Feist案后，美国法院对国内资料库保护之后续见解，探究1991年Feist案对美国资料库保护之影响程度，同时并述美国於欧体公布资料库指令后国会提出之资料库立法草案。第六章则针对日本新增资料库著作之立法模式加以介绍，并藉由日本学界、实务之见解探讨该立法模式之优缺点，再於第七章进入我国法制之介绍，以观察我国目前之法制是否提供资料库充分的保护，探讨资料库立法之必要性，最后尝试提出我国立法模式之建议。第八章则为总结之论述。

As far as the legal documents of the central government are concerned, the provisions of the constitution, organic law and the law in environmental protection field are abstract and inexplicit. While combining these documents with administrative regulations and other informal sources, we find that the boundary of power of the State Environmental Protection Administration of China is very definite. But the boundary of other environmental protection administrations is unclear.

就中央法律文件对建设项目环境影响评价文件审批权的配置而言，宪法、组织法和环境保护领域法律的规定是比较抽象而不明确的，但当结合行政法规、规章以及其他规范性文件进行考察时，就会发现，中央法律文件对于国家环境保护行政主管部门审批权力的配置并不是不清楚，而是十分明确的；但对各级地方环境保护行政主管部门的权力配置则主要是授权性的规定。

Therefore for the moment we attempt to table several legal proposals to ulteriorly protect peasant-workers' rights and interests: constructing three-dimensional legally protecting system, and pertinently establishing gradient protecting policies; intensifying the interknit of peasant-workers and the government, setting up communicating trench so that peasant-works' desires could be expressed in institutional ways; constituting social security system for peasant-workers, putting their right security into legal system; hunting feasible protecting approaches.

故现阶段对如何进一步保护农民工群体权益拟提出法律建议；构建立体化多层次的法律保护体系，并有针对性地制定倾斜保护政策；加强农民工群体与政府部门的互动，建立沟通渠道，使他们的利益要求能通过制度化的渠道来表达；建立农民工社会保障体系，将其权利保障纳入法制轨道；探求切实可行的保护途径与方法。

First , both the system of forest protection law in china and that in Japan makes Forest Law as basic law , and they are consistent in three layers , which are law - administrative rules - department regulations formed a perfecter system of forest protection law .

到时中国将拥有更多的绿色森林，为挽救地球做出自己的贡献。本论文仅从中日森林保护法律体系中若干内容的比较中探寻有益于我国森林资源保护的法律途径，以期对我国森林资源的保护和发展有所裨益。

II. c. 2.(that second magna carta, and stable bulwark of our liberties) it is enacted, that no subject of this realm, who is an inhabitant of England, Wales, or Berwick, shall be sent prisoner into Scotland, Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey, or places beyond the seas;(where they cannot have the benefit and protection of the common law) but that all such imprisonments shall be illegal; that the person, who shall dare to commit another contrary to this law, shall be disabled from bearing any office, shall incur the penalty of a praemunire , and be incapable of receiving the king's pardon: and the party suffering shall also have his private action against the person committing, and all his aiders, advisers and abettors, and shall recover treble costs; besides his damages, which no jury shall assess at less than five hundred pounds.

并且，通过人身保护法案，查理二世第31年法案第二章（可以称之为第二部大宪章，我们的自由的稳定的防波堤）规定：本王国内的臣民，即英格兰，威尔士或贝瑞克（Berwick，以前属于苏格兰的郡；联合王国存在三种虽相近然而彼此独立有所区别的法律系统：英格兰，苏格兰和北爱尔兰法律系统，因而这部著作名"the laws of England"译成"英格兰法律"才恰当）的居民，不得将被监禁者遣送至苏格兰，爱尔兰，泽西，格恩西，或海外任何地方；（被监禁者在这些地方不能得到共同法的保护和利益）这样的监禁均为非法；任何人，若胆敢违背这部法律行事，应当取消担当任何公职的资格，应当得到警告，并且不能获得国王的宽恕：遭受监禁的人，可以起诉监禁者和他的协助者，他的建议者和教唆者，并获得损失的三倍补偿；此外，审判团对他的损失的评估，不得低于五百英镑。

The first part initiates with the signification of the right of privacy, elucidates the definition of right of privacy and network privacy right, analyses the characteristics of network privacy right that distinguish it from conventional right of privacy; the second part details the current situation of personal privacy violation in the cyberspace and violation modes as well as types; the third part summarizes and compares the network privacy right protection modes and legislation frames of the typically USA and EU law systems;the fourth part depicts and analyses the situation of protection to network privacy right in China;in the last part a proposal on constituting national protection system for network privacy right is presented,i.e.,establish the primarily legal protection, accessorily vocational self-discipline and technology protection mechanism based evenly on interests of the state, users' rights of privacy and industrial revenues.

本文共分五个部分，第一部分从隐私权涵义入手，阐明了隐私权和网络隐私权的定义，分析了网络隐私权区别于传统隐私权的特征；第二部分阐述了目前网络空间中个人隐私权遭受侵害的现状及侵权方式及类型；第三部分对以美国和欧盟为代表的两大体系在网络隐私权保护模式与立法框架上做了总结和比较；第四部分阐述和分析了我国法律对网络隐私权保护的现状；最后在第五部分对构建我国网络隐私权法律保护体系提出了建议：即在兼顾国家利益、用户个人隐私利益和行业利益的基础上建立以法律保护为主，以行业自律和技术保护为辅的保护机制。

II. c. 2.(that second magna carta, and stable bulwark of our liberties) it is enacted, that no subject of this realm, who is an inhabitant of England, Wales, or Berwick, shall be sent prisoner into Scotland, Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey, or places beyond the seas;(where they cannot have the benefit and protection of the common law) but that all such imprisonments shall be illegal; that the person, who shall dare to commit another contrary to this law, shall be disabled from bearing any office, shall incur the penalty of a praemunire , and be incapable of receiving the king's pardon: and the party suffering shall also have his private action against the person committing, and all his aiders, advisers and abettors, and shall recover treble costs; besides his damages, which no jury shall assess at less than five hundred pounds.

并且，通过人身保护法案，查理二世第31年法案第二章（可以称之为第二部大宪章，我们的自由的稳定的防波堤）规定：本王国内的臣民，即英格兰，威尔士或贝瑞克（Berwick，以前属于苏格兰的郡；联合王国存在三种虽相近然而彼此独立有所区别的法律系统：英格兰，苏格兰和北爱尔兰法律系统，因而这部著作名&the laws of England&译成&英格兰法律&才恰当）的居民，不得将被监禁者遣送至苏格兰，爱尔兰，泽西，格恩西，或海外任何地方；（被监禁者在这些地方不能得到共同法的保护和利益）这样的监禁均为非法；任何人，若胆敢违背这部法律行事，应当取消担当任何公职的资格，应当得到警告，并且不能获得国王的宽恕：遭受监禁的人，可以起诉监禁者和他的协助者，他的建议者和教唆者，并获得损失的三倍补偿；此外，审判团对他的损失的评估，不得低于五百英镑。

The major issues in current legislation for minors protection include: 1 Although some laws provide for the protection of lawful rights and interests of minors by institutions and individuals, these provisions only serve as recommendations/advocacies due to the absence of corresponding punishment rules against violators; 2 There are overlaps, duplications and even conflicts between existing laws/regulations on minors protection; 3 Long-term, effective measures are not available for effectively addressing certain concrete issues with regard to minors protection, and linkages are absent when multiple institutions are involved; and 4 Protection of substantial economic interests of minors is inadequate, which is yet to be strengthened in legislation.

目前未成年人保护的立法方面存在的主要问题是：1、《未成年人保护法》及其配套设施缺乏有效对接，对未成年人权利的法律保护不健全或者不匹配。2、对涉嫌违法犯罪的未成年人的相关保护还存在很多欠缺，对涉嫌违法犯罪的未成年人被免于处罚后缺乏后续措施，不能有效防止未成年人重新违法犯罪，对涉嫌违法犯罪的未成年人进行讯问时的法定代理人或监护人在场制度的相关法律规定不统一、不健全，对涉嫌违法犯罪的未成年人适用社区服务令、暂缓判决等处罚形式缺乏相应的国内法依据等。3、对未成年人财产权利的保护还存在不足，需要在立法方面得到加强。

Our results suggest that the role of law in protection of outsiders is the most important and that independent auditing conies the second. When legal environment is relatively weak, auditing can act as a substitute in offering some...

我们的研究结果表明：法律对投资者的保护是第一位的；独立审计时投资者的保护是第二位的，当法治环境较薄弱时，其可以充当法律的替代机制为投资者提供保护。

Our results suggest that the role of law in protection of outsiders is the most important and that independent auditing conies the second. When legal environment is relatively weak, auditing can act as a substitute in offerin...

我们的研究结果表明：法律对投资者的保护是第一位的；独立审计时投资者的保护是第二位的，当法治环境较薄弱时，其可以充当法律的替代机制为投资者提供保护。

I'm strongly against the death penalty — it's an eye for an eye.

我不赞成死刑——这是以牙还牙的报复行为。

And to get you the support you need, we're enlisting all elements of our national power: our diplomacy and development, our economic might and our moral suasion, so that you and the rest of our military do not bear the burden of our security alone.

并给你们所须的支援，我们正徵召国家所有各种的力量：我们的外交及发展，我们的经济力量与道德劝说，所以你们与其他军人不须要孤独地负起国家安全的责任。